Week 11 Flashcards
motor skill
an act or task that requires voluntary body or limb movement to be properly performed
acquisition of motor skill
a process in which the learner develops a set of motor responses into an integrated and organized movement pattern
ability vs skill
ability- general, enduring trait affected by both learning and hereditary genetics
skill- specific to a given task and gained through experience
motor abilities
muscular strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular endurance, speed, agility, balance, control precision, reaction time
characteristics of skilful motor performance
- production of fast output and high quality
- an appearance of ease and smoothness of movement
- an anticipation of variations in the stimulus situation before they arrive
- reduction in time to make a choice of responses once the signal is identified
gross vs fine classification
based on precision of movement
most commonly used in special education, adapted physical education and rehabilitation
gross motor skills
involve large musculature as the primary basis of movement- walking
while precision of movement is not an important component, the smooth coordination of movement is essential to the skilled performance of these tasks
fine motor skills
skills that require the ability to control small muscles of the body in order to achieve the successful execution of the skill
generally these skills have hand eye coordination and require a high degree of precision movement
- writing
discrete motor skill
clearly defined beginning and end points- throwing a ball
can be put together in a series- serial motor skills starting a standard transmission car
continuous motor skill
has arbitrary beginning and end points
the performer or some external force determines the beginning or end point of the skill rather than the skill itself
- cycling
3 based on stability of the environment which the skill is performed
closed vs open
classification is not commonly used in physical education’
closed skills
the performance enviorment is stable and predictable- bowling
these skills are self paced
the stimulus waits to be acted on my the performer
require similar responses each time a response is required
open skills
the performance enviorment is constantly changing and is therefore less predictable - hitting a tennis ball
externally paced task
performer is required to make rapid modifications to movement plan to match the demands of the situation
fundamental movement skills
movement from basic to more specialized/complex skills used in play, dance, and sport
physical education teachers teach children to develop their motor skills
active for life
development of fundamental movement skills at a young age will help population gain the confidence to move throughout their lives
maintaince of physical literacy can contribute to prevention of diseases
motor learning
relatively permanent change in performance levels of a motor task as the result of practice
sensorimotor adaptation
Sensorimotor system responds to altered environmental (or body) conditions by reducing errors to regain a previous level of performance
– E.g., Recovery of function following neurological injury
skill learning
Involves acquiring new muscle activation patterns to achieve a greater level of performance
– E.g., Learning to ride a bicycle or play tennis
performance curves
Plot of the level achieved on the performance measure across time – Assess improvement and consistency of performance
– Eg.Bowling score overtime
retention tests
an assessment of the performance of a learned skill after a period of time following practice
assess the persistence of improved performance
eg: pre-post retention test paradigm for clinical trials in rehabilitation
transfer tests
involve a novel situation so that the individual must adapt the skill to the chacrtertiscs of the new situation
eg; squat to tennis
transfer of learning
Transfer of learning is the influence of a previously practiced skill on the learning of a new skill
- racquetball vs. squash; pitching machine in baseball
The transfer of learning concept is very important in the teaching of motor skills
positive transfer
Occurs when experience with a previous skill aids or facilitates the learning of a new skill
* surfing, snowboarding
* higher the degree of similarity between the component parts of two skills=greater positive transfer
negative transfer of learning
Occurs when experience with a previous skill interferes with the learning of a new skill.
– forehand in tennis vs badminton
* Negative transfer effects occur when a new response is
required for an old stimulus
* Negative transfer affects are typically temporary;
they are usually overcome rather quickly with practice
zero transfer
experience with a previous skill has no influence on the learning fo a new skill
- learning to swim and learning to drive
bilateral transfer of learning
involves the improvement in performance of one limb as a
result of practice with the opposite limb.
* This is important in motor skills such as dribbling a basketball, kicking a soccer ball, etc
role of augmented feedback to facilitate success of motor skill
allows learner to determine if they’re correctly performing the skill
can motivate the learner to continue to try to reach their goal
not all situations benefit from or require feedback
knowledge of results
information about the outcome of performing a skill or about achieving the goal of the performance” (Magill 2007)
* Could refer to the result or could be ‘yes’ or ‘no’ regarding whether goal was achieved
knowledge of performance
“information about the movement characteristics that led to the performance outcome” (Magill 2007)
* Can be verbal or by non-verbal means (e.g., video replay)
benefits of KR
Confirm own assessments of task-intrinsic feedback
* When the learner can’t determine the outcome of performing skill
– e.g., when the result is not visible to the learner
* Motivation
* Problem solving by making trial and error
benefits of KP
motor skills require specific movement charchtertsics
highly coordinated movement components of a skill must be improved or corrected
the goal of the action is kinematic, kinetic or specific muscle activity not readily observable
KR is redundant with task inartistic feedback
what should the content of augmented feedback relate to
providing error information is more effective for facilitating learning than providing information on the correct aspect of performance
what info to give as KR/Kp
no more of no less info should be given than the learner is capable of handling
must provide focus on the skill to be corrected and provide info to allow a learner to a correction
augmented feedback should not be given every practice trial
videotape as a method of KR and Kp
skill level of the student is critical factor-beginners need aid of instructor to point out info from the replay
meaningful info must be presented
amount of variety and practice
purpose of practicing is to learn to perform skill in situations where you will be tested
establish practice conditions that will lead to maximum test performance
essential to have variety of practice experiences involving variation of skill being learned
open skills vs closed skills
increasing the variability within each practice session is preferred to practicing one variation from one session to another
amount of practice affects the quality of learning although the effect is not always proportional
spacing or distribution of practice can affect both practice performance and learning
mental practice
cognitive rehesearal of a physical skill in the absence of overt, physical practice
involves imaging the actual correct performance of the movement
reinforce a proper response as an aid to an upcoming response
ergonomics
science that addresses human performance and well being in relation to the job, equipment, tools and enviorment
fitting the job equipment tools and enviorment to the person
enhanced rehabilitation programs
task analysis techniques allow us to determine jobs or parts of jobs which can be perfumed by injured workers to allow them to return to work more quickly
changing workforce and work
a more diverse workforce means that workplace design and job demands must reflect a wider range of worker capabilities and limiations
worker placement
anaylsing the requirements of essential job duties can establish placement requirements while respecting human rights
more effective training programs
identifying skills and knowledge required for workers to perform their jobs safely can be used to develop effective training programs
increased productivity and quality
more comfortable workers are able to work more efficiently
engineering controls often reduce unnecessary production steps and allow for improve quality
hierarchy of controls
elimination
substitution
engineering controls
adminsitrative controls
PPE
