Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cardiorespiratory introducing practice > week 8 > Flashcards

week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the purposes of pulmonary function tests?

A

to look for the presence of lung disease and diagnosis
to grade the severity of a respiratory disorder and show the progress or response to medical treatment
to monitor disease progression over time
to assess risk
to differentiate between different pathologies
to evaluate the response to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does spirometry tell us?

A

shows abnormalities in lung function, but is not disease specific
static lung volumes (how much air the lungs can hold)
dynamic lung volumes (how fast the volume of air can be moved and the flow of air through the airways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are some indications for use of spirometry?

A

diagnostic
monitoring
disability
research

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some contraindications for use of spirometry?

A

pneumothorax
haemoptysis of unknown origin
recent myocardial infarction or unstable angina
CVS instability
cerebral instability
recent surgery
recent chest infection
communication difficulties such as learning disabilities or confusio
if the patient is too unwell to perform forced expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

describe the spirometry procedure

A

sit upright, wearing comfortable loose fitting clothes
after a relaxed breath out, take a maximal breath in
seal your lips around the mouthpiece and blow out as fast and completely as possible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does an acceptable spirogram demonstrate?

A

quick and forceful exhalation
no coughing
smooth lines on graph
minimum exhalation time of 6 seconds with no change in volume in last second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The amount of gas the lungs contain after a maximal inspiratory effort when a person breathes in fully

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does capacity refer to?

A

The combination of 2 or more volumes within the total lung capacity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The volume of air normally inhaled or exhaled with each breath during resting, quiet breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

Volume of air that can be exhaled with a maximal effort after a normal resting expiratory breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is residual volume?

A

volume of air remaining in the lung after a maximal effort expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

the extra volume of air that can be inhaled with maximal effort after a normal resting inspiratory breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is inspiratory capacity?

A

Volume of air that can be inhaled with a maximal effort from a resting (tidal) end expiratory level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the equation for inspiratory capacity?

A

IC = TV + IRV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is functional residual volume?

A

Volume of gas remaining in the lungs at the end of a normal tidal exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the equation for functional residual capacity?

A

FRC =ERV + RV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

Volume from maximal inspiration to maximal expiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the equation for vital capacity?

A

VC = IRV + TV + ERV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

For a cough to be effective what does vital capacity need to be greater than?

A

1 litre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name some factors that influence airway resistance

A

types of airflow
lung volume
elastic recoil
bronchial smooth muscle tone
airway obstructions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is forced vital capacity?

A

the volume expired forcefully (following a maximal inspiration), until residual volume is reached

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is forced expiratory volume in one second?

A

the volume of air a subject can exhale in the first second of a maximal breath out, following a maximal inspiration

23
Q

What is FEV1 approximately 3/4 of?

A

FVC

24
Q

What does the FEV1/FVC ratio look at?

A

it looks at the amount expelled within the first second compared with the overall volume achieved

25
Q

How is FVC converted into a percentage?

A

results are compared with the predicted value for a patient of the same age, sex, height and ethnic origin and then converted to a percentage

26
Q

What is considered a normal result for forced vital capacity?

A

the result is considered normal if the score is 80% or more of the predicted value

27
Q

Name some causes of reduced FVC

A

decreased expansion
decreased inspiratory muscle strength
obesity
decreased expiratory muscle strength
increased airway resistance

28
Q

What FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio would a normal person have?

A

FEV1= >80%
FVC = >80%
FEV1/FVC ratio= >70%

29
Q

What FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC ratio would a patient with an obstructive pathology have?

A

FEV1=<80%
FVC = normal or low
FEV1/FVC ratio = <70%

30
Q

What FEV1 and FVC would someone with a restrictive pathology have?

A

FEV1 = < 80%
FVC = <80%

31
Q

What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition ,with FEV1 of 80% or more of the predicted value have?

A

Mild
If you have mild COPD, your spirometry test results can be normal after you take medication

32
Q

What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition, with a FEV1 between 50-79% of the predicted value after medication have?

A

moderate

33
Q

What grade of airflow obstruction would someone, who has been identified to have an obstructive condition, with a FEV1 between 30-49% of the predicted value after medication have?

A

severe

34
Q

What are the characteristics of an obstructive pathology?

A

limitation of airflow due to partial or complete obstruction

35
Q

What are the characteristics of a restrictive pathology?

A

reduced expansion of lung parenchyma accompanied by decreased total lung capacity

36
Q

Give some examples of obstructive pathologies

A

emphysema
chronic bronchitis
bronchiectasis
asthma

37
Q

Give some examples of restrictive pathologies

A

interstitial lung disease
idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
pneumoconiosis
sarcoidosis
chest wall neuromuscular disease

38
Q

What is the TLC of an obstructive disease?

A

normal

39
Q

What is the TLC of a restrictive pathology?

A

decreased

40
Q

What population groups does shortness of breath on exertion effect?

A

heart failure
COPD
interstitial lung disease

41
Q

What is heart failure?

A

it is when the pumping ability of the heart has reduced and cant keep up with the workload

42
Q

What happens in heart failure?

A

blood and oxygen may not be circulated around the body as efficiently

43
Q

How can heart failure be managed?

A

with medications and lifestyle adaptations

44
Q

How does hear try to make up for heart failure?

A

enlarging
developing more muscle mass
pumping faster

45
Q

How does the body try to compensate for heart failure?

A

Blood vessels narrow to keep blood pressure up
the body diverts blood away from less important tissues and organs

46
Q

What are some symptoms of heart failure?

A

shortness of breath
persistent coughing or wheezing - producing white or pink blood tinged mucus
build up of excess fluid in body tissues (oedema) - swelling in the feet, ankles, legs or abdomen or weight gain
tiredness and fatigue
lack of appetite/nausea
confusion and impaired thinking
increased HR/palpitations

47
Q

What conditions does interstitial lung disease include?

A

idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
sarcoidosis

48
Q

What happens with interstitial lung disease??

A

involves fibrosing, scarring and thickening of the lung tissue
‘stiff lungs’
loss of elasticity and expansion in lung tissues

49
Q

What is the prognosis for interstitial lung disease?

A

Poor prognosis and limited effective medications available to slow prognosis

50
Q

What are the benefits of pulmonary rehabilitation?

A

improved exercise capacity
improved health-related quality of life
reduces perceived intensity of breathlessness
reduced hospitalisations and length of stay
reduced anxiety and depression associated with COPD
increased survival

51
Q

Why should you do exercise?

A

increases exercise tolerance
improves muscle strength
reduces breathlessness and fatigue
benefits on quality of life

52
Q

What is the exclusion criteria for pulmonary rehabilitation?

A

unstable angina
unstable diabetes
acute LVF
uncontrolled BP
uncontrolled arrhythmias
history of Mi or cardiac surgery in 6 weeks leading up to start of PR
mobility limited by musculoskeletal or neurological condition
cognitive problems
compliance issues
aortic aneurysm

53
Q

What is the structure of exercise in pulmonary rehabilitation?

A

warm up
aerobic training programme
cool down
approx 1 hour session

54
Q

What topics are included in the education component of pulmonary rehabilitation?

A

disease and education
healthy eating and supplementation
managing breathlessness
medications
energy conservation
exercise
chest clearance
palliative care/end of life discussion

Cardiorespiratory introducing practice (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions