WEEK 8 Flashcards
A. What is the main function of respiration? as well as the additional?
B. What are the four processes that carry this out?
A.
main: supply cell with O2 for oxidative metabolism; remove CO2, metabolic waste product
additional: acid-base balance; phonation (speech/producing sounds), site of angiotensin converting enzyme occurs
B.
1. Pulmonary ventilation (aka breathing)
- diffusion of respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) between the alveoli and the plasma compartment. (involves internal and external respiration)
- Transport of respiratory gases to and from the tissues and cells via the plasma compartment
- regulation of ventilation
Fill in.
The respiratory tract is divided into the _________ tract and the _______ tract
upper respiratory; lower respiratory
Fill in.
A. The upper respiratory tract is the ________ of the thorax. It includes the nose and _____ , the ______, and the _______
B. The nose and mouth, are responsible for _______ , ________ , and ________
C. the pharynx includes the _______ ; and the larynx includes the ______
A. outside; mouth; pharynx ; larynx
B. filtration, warming and humidification
C. epiglottis; vocal cords (phonation)
Fill in.
The lower respiratory tract is considered _______ the thorax. It includes the ________ , ________ , ________, ________ ______, and _______
outside; trachea ; bronchi ; bronchioles ; alveolar ducts; alveoli
What are the two zones of the respiratory system? Describe them.
- Conducting zone:
- extends from the nose to the bronchioles
- where the bulk movement of air between the atmosphere and the respiratory zone occurs - respiratory zone
- where gas exchange occurs
- extends from the respiratory bronchioles to the terminal alveolar sacs
according to the tracheobronichial tree, 0th generation corresponds to what generation? What corresponds to the 1st generation and the 23rd generation?
0th generation: Trachea
1st generation: right and left primary bronchi
23rd generation: alveolar sacs
What are the lobes in the right lung? Of the left lobe?
Right lung:
- superior
- middle
- inferior
Left lung:
- superior
- inferior
Fill in.
The trachea has cartilage ______
rings
True or false.
According to the trancheobronchial tree 1-10 generation has no cartilage
False. 1-10th generation does have cartilage
when do conducting bronchioles become respiratory bronchioles?
At generation 17
What is present at generations of 11-19 of the trancheobronchial tree?
- rings of smooth muscle. There is no cartilage here
What is the equation for Vgas (rate of diffusion)
A/T x D x (P1 - P2)
Fill in
according to spirometry results, people with restrictive lung disease have _________ lung _______ .
_______ pulmonary distensibility. ________ lung volumes
reduced; expansion ; reduced ; Reduced
fill in.
According to spirometry results, people with restrictive lung pattern have decreased______ and TLC. With TLC being _____ < 80%. FEV1 is slightly ________ or normal. The ratio of FEV1 to FVC is usually preserved or ________.
FVC ; < 80% (Less than 80%) ; decreased ; increased
What are examples of restrictive lung disease?
- Fibrosis
- Pneumonia
- Obesity
- Neuromuscular disease that affects chest wall (ALS, muscular dystrophy)
- neonatal/infant respiratory distress syndrome (
Fill in.
According to spirometry results. patients with obstructive respiratory diseases have impaired lung _________ . Reduced _____ and ______ . There is Dramatically ________ FEV1/FVC ratio
expiration; FVC ; FEV1; reduced
Fill in.
In obstructive lung diseases , TLC and _____ are normal or increased. There is decreased _____ compared to FVC . The ratio of FEV1 to FVC is _______ or less than ______ percent
FRC ; FEV1; decreased ; 80
What are examples of obstructive lung disease?
- Asthma
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)
- Cystic fibrosis
Spirometry Lung volumes and capacities can vary based on what ?
- Biological sex
- Age
- Height
- Disease status
what is FVC?
Forced vital capacity ; the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled when blowing out as fast as possible
What is FEV or FEV1
Forced expiratory volume
One of the main results in spirometry
influenced by Height, weight, ethnicity
Forced expiratory volume (FEV1) - The forced volume expired in 1 second
FRC
Functional residual capacity
- is the volume of gas present in the lung at the end of expiration TV.
FRC=ERV+RV
(IC)
Inspiratory capacity
is the maximum volume of gas that can be inspired from FRC.
- IC=TV+IRV
(VC)
Vital capacity
is the volume change at the mouth between the positions of full inspiration and complete expiration.
- VC=IRV+TV+ERV
- VC=IC+ERV
(TLC)
Total lung capacity
is the volume of gas in the lungs after maximal inspiration, or simple the sum of all volume compartments.
- TLC=VC+RV
- TLC=IC+FRC
Tidal Volume (TV)
the volume of gas inhaled or exhaled during a respiratory cycle. This varies considerably between individuals (~500 mL in adults)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
the volume you’d inhale if you kept inhaling after a normal tidal inhalation was completed. (~3,000 ml)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV):
the maximum amount of air that can be forcefully expired after normal TV (the most variable volume; ~700-1200 mL)
Residual Volume (RV)
amount of air remaining in lungs after maximal forceful expiration (~1100-1200 mL)
Fill in.
_______ is the most common pulmonary function test performed clinically
spirometry
Fill in.
spirometry is an ________ and __________ technique. It uses an external ________ . It measures the air inspired and expired. It Records three variables, ______ , _____ and ______ . It is used to determine the Presence or absence of ______ ______ . It Quantifies lung impairment, monitors effects of occupational or ___________ exposures, and Determines the effectiveness of ________________ .
Objective ; Non-invasive ; diaphragm ; time ; flow ; volume ; lung disease ; environmental ; treatments/medications
