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WEEK 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what effectors express alpha receptors

A

Vasoconstriction (α1)
Iris dilation (α1)
Intestinal relaxation (α1)
Intestinal sphincter contraction (α1) Bladder sphincter contraction (α1) Liver glycogen breakdown (α1) Inhibits neurotransmitter release (α2)

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2
Q

what effectors express beta receptors

A

Vasodilation (β2)
↑heart rate (β1)
↑ cardiac force contraction (β1) Intestinal relaxation (β2)
Uterus relaxation (β2) Bronchodilation (β2)
↑ glycogen breakdown (β2) Bladder wall relaxation (β2)

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3
Q

fill in.
Adrenergic receptors bind _______ and _______

A

norepinephrine or epinephrine.

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4
Q

what are the two subtypes of adrenergic receptors?

A

GPCR: α and β

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5
Q

Fill in.
α1 are widely expressed on ________; Interacts with __________ ; activation causes __________. Found on cells ___________ and activation causes reduction in__________. Causes contraction of radial muscles of ________(dilation)

A

arteries/arterioles; Gαq/IP3/DAG : vasoconstriction; juxtaglomerular : renin release; iris

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6
Q

Fill in.
α2 are not widely distributed; interacts with _______; found in ________ where it mediates _________ feedback on sympathetic outflow and on presynaptic terminals (↓NE release). On platelets (stimulates aggregation). Beta cells (decreases insulin secretion)

A

Gαi ; brainstem : negative

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7
Q

Fill in.
β1 Interacts with_______; expressed in _____; increases _______ and force of _______. Found on cells of the ________ kidney; activation increases _______ .

A

Gαs; heart ; heart rate ; contraction; juxtaglomerular renin secretion

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8
Q

Fill in.
β2 Interacts with_____; expressed on ________; cause _________ and vasodilation b/c smooth muscle relaxation

A

Gαs; bronchioles ; bronchodilation

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9
Q

Fill-in .
β3 Interacts with_____; found on postsynaptic effector cells in ______ and ________ ; similar effects to β1

A

Gαs; lipocytes; myocardium

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10
Q

sympathetic activation of the heart causes

A

Increased heart rate and stroke volume, dilation of coronary arteries

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11
Q

what is the purpose of the fight, flight, or freeze reaction

A
  • delivery oxygen and glucose to working skeletal muscles
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12
Q

what happens in the heart, respiratory system, metabolic system, sweat glands, and eyes in fight, flight or freeze reaction

A

Cardiac:
- heart rate, contractility increase to increase cardiac output
- Blood vessels: Vascular smooth muscle contracts causing widespread vasoconstriction.
- blood redirected to working muscles

Respiratory:
- bronchial dilation

Metabolic:
- increases glycogenolysis (glycogen break down) and gluconeogenesis
- Enhances lipolysis elevates free fatty acids in the plasma compartment

Sweat glands:
- compensate for the elevated heat production during intense metabolic activity

Eye:
- pupil dilation
- lens adapts for distance vision

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13
Q

Fill in.
Vascular smooth muscle in skeletal muscle contains both _____ and ____ receptors.

A

α1; β2

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14
Q

Fill in.
Norepinephrine has a high affinity for ____ receptors, causing strong _________ . Epinephrine has high affinity for ______ receptors. this counters α1 mediated vasoconstriction.

A

α1; vasoconstriction; β2

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15
Q

True or false.
Circulating catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla have a longer duration of effect and a more widespread distribution than neuronally released norepinephrine.

A

True

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16
Q

How are fight, flight, freeze reactions inactivated

A
  • Neural NE is removed from the synapse by re-uptake mechanisms on the postganglionic neuron. neural catecholamines are available for miliseconds
  • circulating catecholamines are inactivated by catechol-O-methly transferase (COMT) in the liver. circulating catecholamines are available for 1-2 minutes.
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17
Q

true or false.
Circulating catecholamines can stimulates cells not directly innervated by sympathetic fibers.

A

True

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18
Q

Sympathetic fibers release what type of catecholamine?

A

norepinephrine

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19
Q

adrenal medulla releases what type of catecholamine

A

Adrenal medulla releases primarily epinephrine.

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20
Q

what is the overall effect of the parasympathetic division?

A

to conserve energy and regulate basal body functions

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21
Q

Fill in.
Preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic system arise from nuclei of the______ and the______ segments S2-S4 of the spinal cord.

A

brainstem; sacral

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22
Q

preganglionic axons of parasympathetic are long or short?

A

long

23
Q

Where are postganglionic neurons of parasympathetic division located?

A
  • close to or within the effector tissues
24
Q

True or false.
Postganglionic axons of parasympathetic division are long

A

false. they are short

25
Q

Fill in.
The preganglionic neurons exit through cranial nerves _____ ; _____ ; _____ ; & ______

A

III ; VII ; IX ; X

26
Q

Fill in.
The preganglionic axons from the sacral region of the spinal cord form the _______ and innervate the ______ of the pelvic cavity (eg, lower half of the large intestine and organs of the renal & reproductive systems).

A

pelvic nerves; viscera

27
Q

True or False. there is divergence in the parasympathetic system

A

False.

28
Q

True or false.
The parasympathetic division of the ANS uses a ACh as pre- and post-ganglionic neurotransmitter

A

True

29
Q

Fill in.
All preganglionic axons use acetylcholine (ACh) as their neurotransmitters. The cholinergic receptors on all autonomic ganglia is a _______ ______variety called the N2 receptor.

A

nicotinic ionotropic ;

30
Q

true or false.
All of the parasympathetic postganglionic axons are also cholinergic.

A

True

31
Q

Fill in.
the target effector organs of parasympathetic postganglionic axons express GPCRs known as _______ receptors

A

muscarinic

32
Q

N1 receptors are found at the _______; and is blocked by ______

A

NMJ (neuromuscular junction) ; curare

33
Q

N2 receptors are found in ________ ganglia; are blocked by _________

A

autonomic ; hexamethonium

34
Q

describe M1 MUSCARINIC receptors

A

effects mediated by Gq/IP3/DAG; expressed in cerebral cortex, hippocampus. Role in cognitive function and memory.

35
Q

describe Muscarinic-2 (M2) receptors

A

coupled to Gαi; located in atria, SA and AV nodes and myocardium; decreases heart rate and myocardial conduction velocity

36
Q

describe Muscarinic-3 (M3) receptors

A

effects mediated by Gq/IP3/DAG; smooth muscle of various organ systems, e.g. bronchi (constriction), GI tract (contraction), pupils (constriction),

37
Q

the only cholinergic receptor involved in a sympathetic process, is located where?

A

in sweat glands of the skin

38
Q

describe Muscarinic-4 and 5 receptors

A

M4; coupled to Gαi;
M5; coupled to Gq - located primarily in the CNS, e.g.,
forebrain and substania nigra, respectively

39
Q

what are the parasympathetic effects on cardiac muscle, respiratory, GI, and eye

A

Cardiac:
- heart rate decreases

Respiratory:
- bronchial constriction

GI:
- Salivary secretion is enhanced
- Gastric motility and secretion are stimulated
- Intestinal motility and secretion are stimulated
- Both exocrine and endocrine secretion from the pancreas is promoted.

Eye:
- pupil constricts and the lens adapts for near vision

40
Q

True or false.
both divisions of the ANS are tonically active in the pupil

A

True

41
Q

Fill in.
The contains two groups of smooth muscles; a ________ group (constrictor muscles) & a _______ group (dilator muscles).

A

circular ; radial

42
Q

Fill in.
Sympathetic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion innervate the _______ muscles.
Parasympathetic fibers innervate the _______ muscles.

A

dilator; constrictor

43
Q

Fill in.

__________ is a competitive antagonist for the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor types

A

atropine

44
Q

Fill in.
Atropine _______ parasympathetic activation of the ______ smooth muscle. So all that is left is ________ activation of the radial muscle

A

blocks; circular ; sympathetic

45
Q

True or false.
Control of the bladder and the timing of urination requires integration of both the parasympathetic and sympathetic division of the ANS

A

True.

46
Q

Fill in.
the wall of the bladder is made up of ______ muscle. Also known as the detrusor muscle. The detrusor muscle expresses _____ adrenergic receptors and ________ receptors.

A

smooth; beta; muscarinic

47
Q

Fill in.
filling of the bladder happens in it’s ______ (relaxed/contracted) state. This occurs via ________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) innervation

A

relaxed state; sympathetic

48
Q

Fill in.
emptying of the bladder happens in its ________ (relaxed/contracted) state. This occurs via _________ (sympathetic/parasympathetic) innervation.

A

contracted ; parasympathetic

49
Q

Fill in.
The internal sphincter is made of _______ muscle, while the external sphincter is made of _________ muscle and under voluntary control.

A

smooth ; skeletal

50
Q

Sympathetic activity of the bladder allows the bladder to relax and fill by activating ______ receptors, but maintains contraction of the internal sphincter by activating _______ receptors

A

beta 2 ; alpha 1

51
Q

parasympathetic activity causes the detrusor muscle to contract by activating _____ receptors, while the internal sphincter relaxes by activating _______ receptors

A

Muscarinic- M3 ; Muscarinic- M3

52
Q

Does the adrenal medulla receive parasympathetic innervation?

A

No

53
Q

what is sympathetic tone?

A

the baseline firing frequency in the innervating sympathetic axons

54
Q

Increasing the firing frequency __________ the sympathetic tone. while decreasing the firing frequency _____ the sympathetic tone

A

increases ; decreases

advanced human physiology (13 decks)

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