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WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

define physiology

A
  • physiology is the science of life.
  • a branch of biology that aims to understand the mechanisms of living things.
  • it has roots in physics, chemistry and math
  • it covers cell function at the ionic and molecular level to how organisms behavior and the influence of the external environment
  • it is a experimental science
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2
Q

why is physiology important?

A
  • describes how the body works, how it responds and adapts to challenges
  • describes disease processes
  • helpful for developing treatment
  • promotes healthy living
  • helps develop healthy environments
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3
Q

describe the levels of biological organization and understand physiology’s scope

A

levels of biological organization:
atoms > molecules > Genes > organelles > cells > tissues > Organs > organ system > organisms > pop. of one species > ecosystem (community of species) > biosphere

physiology’s scope: ranges from molecules to organisms and the influence of the external environment

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4
Q

what are the recurrent themes in physiology

A

Biological energetics
physiological compartments
communication
homeostasis

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5
Q

describe biological energetics

A
  • refers to the energy economy of the cell
  • cells need energy to work
  • two forms of energy: Kinetic and potential
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6
Q

describe the different types of kinetic energy

A

Kinetic energy is the energy that powers movement.
- mechanical- directly powers the movement of matter
- thermal - the energy of the motion of molecules
- radiant- kinetic energy of photons
- electric- energy of moving ions. the movement of ions create a current

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7
Q

describe the different types of potential energy

A

Potential energy is stored energy
chemical bonds- energy stored in bonds that assemble atoms into molecules
concentration gradients- difference in concentration of substance on either side of permeable barrier
electrical potential- the energy of charge separation

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8
Q

define the difference between kinetic and potential energy

A
  • kinetic energy is the energy that powers movement and is not stored
  • potential energy is stored energy found in chemical bonds, concentration gradients and electrical potential
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9
Q

How many liters make up interstitial fluid?

A

13

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10
Q

what separates the intracellular compartment and the extracellular compartment?

A

plasma membrane

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11
Q

what makes up the extracellular compartment?

A

Blood plasma
interstitial fluid
transcellular fluid

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12
Q

what are the concentrations of the interstitial fluid?

A

Na+ = 145 mM
K+ = 4.5 mM
Cl-= 116 mM

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13
Q

what are the concentrations of the blood plasma?

A

Na+= 142 mM
K+= 4.4 mM
Cl-= 102 mM
protein= 1 mM

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14
Q

how many liters make up the blood plasma?

A

3 liters

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15
Q

how many liters make up the transcellular fluid

A

1 liter

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16
Q

what are the concentrations of the transcellular fluid

A

its variable

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17
Q

how many liters make up the intracellular fluid

A

25 liters

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18
Q

what are the concentrations of the intracellular fluid compartment

A

Na+= 15 mM
K+= 120 mM
Cl-= 20 mM
protein= 4 mM

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19
Q

what is the total body water

A

42 liters

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20
Q

what is the difference between plasma and the interstitial fluid

A

plasma is rich in plasma proteins, whereas interstitial fluid has none

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21
Q

what are the three processes of thermoregulation

A
  • heat production
  • heat loss
  • heat transfer
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22
Q

most dietary fat is in the form of what?

A

triglycerides

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23
Q

fatty acids found in animal triglycerides are _____

A

saturated ones

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24
Q

fatty acids found in plant triglycerides are ______

A

unsaturated ones. except tropical oils

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25
Q

what is the energetically favorable form of phospholipids

A

sealed compartment

26
Q

what is found on the outerleaflet of the phospholipid bilayer (non-cytosolic leaflet)

A

phosphatidyl choline (PC)
sphingomyelin
glycolipids

27
Q

what is found on the inner leaflet of the phospholipid bilayer (cytosolic leaflet)

A

phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)
phosphatidyl serine (-)

28
Q

characteristics of the fluid mosaic model

A

bilayer is a viscous fluid
lipids and proteins can diffuse freely
proteins provide specific functional properties

29
Q

possible lipid movement in the bilayer includes

A

flexion
rotation
lateral diffusion
flip flops

30
Q

factors that influence membrane fluidity

A

saturated vs. unsaturated hydrocarbon tails
cholesterol (low temps= more fluid; high temp= less fluid)

31
Q

describe tight junctions

A

seal adjacent cells together
function as selective permeability barriers
utilize Claudins and occludins that are anchored to actin filaments

32
Q

describe adhering junctions

A

seal cell-cell junctions
utilize cadherin proteins that are linked to the actin filaments of the cytoskeleton

33
Q

describe desmosomes

A

cell-cell junctions
utilize desmosomal cadherins that are linked to intermediate filaments of the cytoskeleton

34
Q

describe hemi-desmosomes

A

cell-matrix junctions
formed from intergrins and linked to intermediate filaments

35
Q

what are the functions of the glycocalyx?

A

protection
mechanosensing
regulating cell signaling
regulating of membrane protein diffusion
immune regulation and checkpoint inhibition

36
Q

define brownian motion (aka pedesis)

A

the random motion of particles suspended in a gas or liquid medium
- causes diffusion and osmosis
- driven by the kinetic motion of the system
- solutes move and collide, then ricochet in random directions but overtime does not travel very far

37
Q

how to calculate concentration gradient

A

dC/dX

C= concentration
X= distance

38
Q

the rate of diffusion through a solvent is dependent on _____

A

the concentration gradient
size of the molecules
and possible interactions of solvent with the solute
* diffusion will continue until the solute molecules are evenly distributed throughout the volume of solvent (aka equilibrium)

39
Q

calculate diffusion in a bulk fluid

A

J = D * (dC/dX)

J= flux
D= diffusion coefficient

40
Q

define flux

A

flux; the number of particles moving past a given region divided by the area of that region per unit time.

larger concentration = larger flux
larger distance = smaller flux

41
Q

the rate of diffusion across a membrane depends on _____

A

surface area of the membrane
diffusion coefficient
concentration gradient
thickness of the membrane

42
Q

calculate diffusion across a membrane

A

J = D * A * (dC/dX)

J= flux
D= diffusion coefficient
A= surface area
C= concentration gradient
X= thickness of the membrane

lipophilic membrane= large surface area
non-lipophilic membrane= smaller surface area

43
Q

membrane proteins that mediate simple diffusion across a membrane

A

pores (non-gated channels) - always open
ion channels

44
Q

essential components of ion channels

A

the gate
sensor
selectivity filter
channel pore

45
Q

what are the mechanisms for gating or opening ion channels

A
  • a change in voltage across the plasma membrane
  • binding of a specific ligand to a ligand binding domain. there is no conformation change induced
  • application of mechanical force
46
Q

lipophilic molecules require a membrane protein to cross the membrane? true or false

A

false

47
Q

permeability coefficient is

A

the flow of solute in moles per second per square cm membrane

48
Q

what do aquaporins do

A

permit the flow of water across a membrane

49
Q

water transport helps regulate ____

A

cell volume

50
Q

the Na-K ATPase pumps Na out of the cell, K into the cell and keeps ______

A

water from entering the cell

51
Q

Km (binding constant) equals

A

1/2 Vmax

52
Q

In facilitated diffusion the transport of the solute is sped up across the membrane true or false?

A

true

53
Q

two types of glucose transporters are

A

GLUTs (glucose transporters) and SGLTs (sodium-linked transporters)

54
Q

what does GLUT2 do

A

facilitates transport of glucose and galactose across the membranes of many tissues especially the liver and Beta cells of the pancreas

55
Q

glucose is transported across the membrane through

A

facilitated diffusion

56
Q

what does GLUT5 do

A

transports fructose

57
Q

example of primary active transport

A

Na-K ATPase

3 Na out ; 2 K in
-1 charge for every cycle of the pump.
this transport maintains the electrochemical gradient needed for secondary active transport

58
Q

glucose concentration is higher where compared to other fluid compartments

A
  • epithelial cells
59
Q

scientist who founded the fluid mosaic model

A

Jonathan Singer & Garth Nicolson

60
Q

gap junctions allow water, ions, and small molecules to pass through. True or false

A

True

advanced human physiology (13 decks)

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