week 8

Question 1

What is motivation?

Answer 1

The process that initiates, guides, and maintains behaviours. It is the wants or needs that direct behaviour towards a goal

Question 2

What are the three components of motivation?

Answer 2

1) Activation ( a choice to initiate that behaviour)
2) Intensity (high effort)
3) Persistence (lengthy effort)

Question 3

What are the three theories of motivation?

Answer 3

1) Achievement Motivation Theory
2) Achievement Goal Theory
3) Self-Determination Theory

Question 4

What does the Achievement Motivation theory (AMT) explain?

Answer 4

Achievement motivation is the motivation for accomplishment through mastery of skills.

Question 5

According to Achievement motivation theory, Achievement motivation is based on…

Answer 5

Personality

Question 6

What are the two types of personality traits that Achievement Motivation is based on?

Answer 6

Motive or need to achieve success (NACH)

Motive or need to avoid failure (NAF)

Question 7

Does Motive to achieve success have a high or low Achievement Motivation?

Answer 7

High

Question 8

Does Motive to avoid failure have a high or low Achievement Motivation?

Answer 8

Low

Question 9

What is the achievement motivation equation for Need to achieve success?

Answer 9

Ts = Mas X Ps X Is

Ts = Tendency to achieve success
Mas = Need/motive to achieve (NACH)
Ps = Probability of success
Is = Importance to achieving success

Question 10

What is the achievement motivation equation for Need to avoid failure?

Answer 10

Tf = Maf X Pf X If

Tf = Tendency yo avoid failure
Maf = Need/motive to avoid failure tendencies
Ps = Probability of failure
Is = Importance of avoiding failure

Question 11

What is a supporting study of the Achievement motivation theory?

Answer 11

In a number of studies involving competitive, game-like situations achievement-oriented individuals consistently showed a greater tendency to choose alternatives or perform tasks which had an intermediate probability of success

Question 12

What is a criticism of the Achievement motivation theory?

Answer 12

• Does not specify how Mas and Maf develop
• Cannot account for cross-cultural differences
• Over emphasises personal factors as crucial

Question 13

What does Achievement Goal theory (AGT) predict?

Answer 13

AGT predicts that achievement is linked to the type of focus people place on the goal (goal orientation)

Question 14

What are the two types of goal orientation?

Answer 14

Task-oriented orientation (developing a skill for one’s own sake)

Ego-oriented orientation (developing a skill to beat others)

Question 15

Two situational factors that achievement goal theory are…

Answer 15

Mastery (task involving) climate places emphasis on self-referenced improvement and cooperation

Performance (ego-involving) climate places emphasis on winning, outperforming others and reward/punishment

Question 16

What is a supporting study of Achievement Goal Theory?

Answer 16

Performance-avoid goal orientations are consistently and negatively related to achievement

Question 17

What is the criticism of Achievement Goal theory?

Answer 17

• The effects of performance goal may depend on how they are defined such as normative goals produced a mixed effect of both mild anxiety and high effort and achievement in the classroom

Question 18

Self-determination theory is a mechanism of…

Answer 18

The ways in which motivation can be influenced

Question 19

In Self-determination theory, Intrinsic motivation is…

Answer 19

• Within an individual
• Performing a task for the joy of it
• Learning
• Developing abilities
• Mastery and maximisation of skills

Question 20

In Self-determination theory, Extrinsic motivation is…

Answer 20

• external force
• Achieving desirable outcomes, often material
  rewards
• Achieving social rewards
• Avoiding punishment, adverse consequences

Question 21

What are the key principles of Self-determination theory?

Answer 21

Individuals with self-determined reasons to engage in their chosen activity have more positive experienced, less negative effect, and greater persistence

Question 22

What are the three factors that affect self-determination theory?

Answer 22

1) Autonomy - Personal control and volition, sense of voice and choice, freedom, chance to be oneself

2) Relatedness - Feeling connected, belonging, valued, supported, understood

3) Competence - Feeling efficacious and competent

Question 23

Self-determination theory

Answer 23

1) Basic psychological need satisfaction

2) Motivation

3) Well-being and performance

Question 24

What is a study that support the self-determination theory?

Answer 24

A Belgium-based survey of 745 employees from 150 organisations found that satisfaction of the three needs led to less exhaustion

Also good external validity because of larger sample size so generalisable

Question 25

What are the criticisms of self-determination theory?

Answer 25

• Lack of research comparing basic psychological needs verses other possible need candidates such as need for power
• Lack of comparative studies against other motivational theory constructs
• Lack of cross cultural research

Question 26

How does intrinsic motivation occur?

Answer 26

Intrinsic motivation occurs through the means of supporting three basic psychological needs that are “innate psychological nutriments that are essential for ongoing psychological growth, integrity, and well-being”