week 8 Flashcards
What is motivation?
The process that initiates, guides, and maintains behaviours. It is the wants or needs that direct behaviour towards a goal
What are the three components of motivation?
1) Activation ( a choice to initiate that behaviour)
2) Intensity (high effort)
3) Persistence (lengthy effort)
What are the three theories of motivation?
1) Achievement Motivation Theory
2) Achievement Goal Theory
3) Self-Determination Theory
What does the Achievement Motivation theory (AMT) explain?
Achievement motivation is the motivation for accomplishment through mastery of skills.
According to Achievement motivation theory, Achievement motivation is based on…
Personality
What are the two types of personality traits that Achievement Motivation is based on?
Motive or need to achieve success (NACH)
Motive or need to avoid failure (NAF)
Does Motive to achieve success have a high or low Achievement Motivation?
High
Does Motive to avoid failure have a high or low Achievement Motivation?
Low
What is the achievement motivation equation for Need to achieve success?
Ts = Mas X Ps X Is
Ts = Tendency to achieve success
Mas = Need/motive to achieve (NACH)
Ps = Probability of success
Is = Importance to achieving success
What is the achievement motivation equation for Need to avoid failure?
Tf = Maf X Pf X If
Tf = Tendency yo avoid failure
Maf = Need/motive to avoid failure tendencies
Ps = Probability of failure
Is = Importance of avoiding failure
What is a supporting study of the Achievement motivation theory?
In a number of studies involving competitive, game-like situations achievement-oriented individuals consistently showed a greater tendency to choose alternatives or perform tasks which had an intermediate probability of success
What is a criticism of the Achievement motivation theory?
- Does not specify how Mas and Maf develop
- Cannot account for cross-cultural differences
- Over emphasises personal factors as crucial
What does Achievement Goal theory (AGT) predict?
AGT predicts that achievement is linked to the type of focus people place on the goal (goal orientation)
What are the two types of goal orientation?
Task-oriented orientation (developing a skill for one’s own sake)
Ego-oriented orientation (developing a skill to beat others)
Two situational factors that achievement goal theory are…
Mastery (task involving) climate places emphasis on self-referenced improvement and cooperation
Performance (ego-involving) climate places emphasis on winning, outperforming others and reward/punishment
What is a supporting study of Achievement Goal Theory?
Performance-avoid goal orientations are consistently and negatively related to achievement
What is the criticism of Achievement Goal theory?
- The effects of performance goal may depend on how they are defined such as normative goals produced a mixed effect of both mild anxiety and high effort and achievement in the classroom
Self-determination theory is a mechanism of…
The ways in which motivation can be influenced
In Self-determination theory, Intrinsic motivation is…
- Within an individual
- Performing a task for the joy of it
- Learning
- Developing abilities
- Mastery and maximisation of skills
In Self-determination theory, Extrinsic motivation is…
- external force
- Achieving desirable outcomes, often material
rewards - Achieving social rewards
- Avoiding punishment, adverse consequences
What are the key principles of Self-determination theory?
Individuals with self-determined reasons to engage in their chosen activity have more positive experienced, less negative effect, and greater persistence
What are the three factors that affect self-determination theory?
1) Autonomy - Personal control and volition, sense of voice and choice, freedom, chance to be oneself
2) Relatedness - Feeling connected, belonging, valued, supported, understood
3) Competence - Feeling efficacious and competent
Self-determination theory
1) Basic psychological need satisfaction
2) Motivation
3) Well-being and performance
What is a study that support the self-determination theory?
A Belgium-based survey of 745 employees from 150 organisations found that satisfaction of the three needs led to less exhaustion
Also good external validity because of larger sample size so generalisable
What are the criticisms of self-determination theory?
- Lack of research comparing basic psychological needs verses other possible need candidates such as need for power
- Lack of comparative studies against other motivational theory constructs
- Lack of cross cultural research
How does intrinsic motivation occur?
Intrinsic motivation occurs through the means of supporting three basic psychological needs that are “innate psychological nutriments that are essential for ongoing psychological growth, integrity, and well-being”
