Week 7 -Upper and Lower Extremity -Grp 2 answers Flashcards
Describe the vasculature found in the region of the shoulder – name, origin, and destination
Axillary artery- The main artery of the shoulder, originating from the subclavian artery at the first rib’s lateral margin.
The axillary artery has six branches that supply the shoulder and arm,
1. Thoracoacromial artery- shoulder and pectoral areas
2. Lateral thoracic artery- to the lateral thorax and breast, as well as other structures.
3. Anterior and posterior circumflex humeral arteries- shoulder joint capsule and muscles in the shoulder and upper arm
The axillary artery continues down the arm as the brachial artery.
Brachial artery- It begins at the lower edge of the teres major muscle in the upper arm. This is the main blood vessel that supplies blood to the upper arm, elbow, forearm, and hand.
Axillary vein- Carries deoxygenated blood back to the heart and drains into the subclavian vein.
**Cephalic vein- **Located in the upper arm, this vein branches at the elbow and drains into the axillary vein.
**Basilic vein- **Runs opposite the cephalic vein, near the triceps muscle, and also drains into the axillary vein
Describe muscles of the shoulder and the relationship to the scapula, humerus, and clavicle
The shoulder muscles play critical roles in stabilizing and moving the shoulder joint, which is formed by the articulation of the humerus (upper arm bone), scapula (shoulder blade), and clavicle (collarbone). Here’s an overview of the major shoulder muscles and their relationships to these bones:
Trapezius
Origin: Occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, and spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T12.
Insertion: Clavicle (lateral third) and spine of scapula.
Function:
Upper fibers elevate the scapula (shrugging).
Middle fibers retract the scapula.
Lower fibers depress the scapula.
Supraspinatus
Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.
Function:
Initiates abduction of the arm.
Stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Infraspinatus
Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (posterior side).
Function:
Lateral rotation of the arm.
Stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Teres Minor
Origin: Lateral border of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus (inferior to infraspinatus).
Function:
Lateral rotation of the arm.
Stabilizes the shoulder joint.
Describe the muscles that are found within and surrounding the knee joint
Muscles
Quadriceps Femoris: An anterior muscle with attachment above the patella and to the inferior portion of the pelvis.
Hamstrings: A muscle that is posterior to the femur in the upper leg that attaches to pelvis as well as the superior portion of the knee joint.
Gastrocnemius: A muscle in the lower leg that attaches to the inferior portion of the knee joint on the posterior side of the tibia and to the ankle joint.
Describe the ligaments that are found within and surrounding the knee joint
Ligaments
Collaterals: located on the right and left side of the knee joint. Attaches to the epicondylar region.
Medial: keeps femur aligned with tibia
Lateral: keeps femur aligned with fibula. Attaches onto femur head.
Cruciates: cross in the middle of the intercondylar fossa and attach onto the tibial eminence.
Anterior: ACL. anterior tibial eminence to the medial surface of the lateral condyle.
Posterior: PCL. Posterior to medial condyle. Attaches to the medial surface of the medial condyle.
Patellar/Cruciate: Coming from the quadriceps and attaches to the bottom of the patella and the top of the tibia.
Describe the meniscus of the knee – composition, location, shapes, function.
Composition: The meniscus of the knee is composed of type I and III collagen, proteoglycans, and elastin fibers. The knee has two menisci, the medial meniscus and the lateral meniscus.
**Location: **The meniscus is located in the knee joint, between the femur and tibia. They are attached to the tibial plateau by coronary ligaments and are connected to each other by the transverse ligament.
Shape: Each knee has two menisci - the medial meniscus and lateral meniscus. The medial meniscus is larger and more C-shaped and the lateral meniscus is smaller and more circular.
Function: Primary function is to provide stability and shock absorption during weight bearing activities like walking. It also helps stabilize by preventing excessive anterior translation of the tibia. They also secrete synovial fluid which helps lubricate the joint and reduce friction.
Describe the vasculature of the lower extremity (venous and arterial inferior to the inguinal ligament.
Arteries: Traveling vertically along the anteromedial aspect of the hip is the femoral artery, which is an extension of the external iliac artery. This enters the anterior compartment of the thigh beneath the inguinal ligament, it descends the thigh and continues through the opening in adductor magnus muscle as the popliteal artery in the knee.
**Veins: **The great saphenous vein goes down the medial aspect of the leg and thigh and drains into the femoral vein near the hip joint. From the lateral side of the foot, the lesser saphenous vein passes posterolaterally to join the popliteal vein. The popliteal vein becomes the superficial femoral vein in the distal thigh. The femoral vein joins with the greater saphenous vein the in proximal thigh and continues deep into the inguinal ligament as the external iliac vein.
