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Applied Head and Neck Studies - Semester 4 > Week 7 - The Ear > Flashcards

Week 7 - The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

State the four components of the temporal bone.

A
  1. Squamous part
  2. Petromastoid part
  3. Tympanic plate
  4. Styloid process
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2
Q

What does the external acoustic meatus mainly consist of?

A

The tympanic plate

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3
Q

Which parts of the ear does the petromastoid part of the temporal bone contain?

A

The middle and inner ear

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4
Q

What does the upper surface of the petromastoid part consist of?

A

Upper surface forms part of the floor of the middle and posterior cranial fossae

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5
Q

Which important hole does the part forming the front of the posterior cranial fossa contain?

A

The internal acoustic meatus

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6
Q

Which two cranial nerves does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?

A
  1. The facial nerve

2. The vestibulocochlear nerve

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7
Q

What important hole does the inferior surface of the petromastoid part of the temporal bone contain?

A

The inferior surface is irregular and contains the carotid canal

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8
Q

Which important artery does the carotid canal transmit?

A

The internal carotid artery

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9
Q

Through which route can middle ear disease result in mastoiditis?

A

The cavity of the mastoid antrum (prolongation of the cavity of the middle ear) extends into the mastoid process by intercommunicating air cells - middle ear disease can spread by this route to cause mastoiditis

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10
Q

What secretes cerumen?

A

The skin lining the external acoustic meatus

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11
Q

What is cerumen? What is its function?

A

Modified sebum - affords protection for the delicate meatal skin of the external acoustic meatus

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12
Q

What forms wax?

A

The discarded cells of the skin together with cerumen

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13
Q

What is the apex of the eardrum (or fibrous tympanic membrane) attached to?

A

The malleus

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14
Q

What is the function of the ossicles?

A

Transmit vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear in the petrous temporal bone
The ossicles amplify and concentrate sound energy from the eardrum to the oval window

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15
Q

What is the anatomical relation of the middle ear anteriorly?

A

The middle ear is communicates with the nasopharynx anteriorly via the pharyngotympanic (Eustachian tube)

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16
Q

Posteriorly, what does the middle ear communicate with?

A

Posteriorly, the middle ear communicates with the mastoid air cells

17
Q

What is the function of the connection between the Eustachian tube and the middle ear?

A

Allows for equalisation of air pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere - this is necessary for efficient transfer of sound energy to the internal ear

18
Q

When is the Eustachian tube opened?

A

Intermittently opened by the pull of attached palate muscles when swallowing (usually closed)

19
Q

Which part of the malleus attaches to the tympanic membrane and the incus?

A

The handle of the malleus is attached to the tympanic membrane
The body of the malleus articulates with that of the incus

20
Q

What type of joints exist between the ossicles?

A

Synovial joints which serve to relay the vibrations encountered by the tympanic membrane to the internal ear

21
Q

Where does the stapes articulate with the internal ear?

A

The stapes articulates with the bony labyrinth of the internal ear at the oval window

22
Q

What fluid does the membranous labyrinth contain?

A

Endolymph

23
Q

What fluid separates the bony and membranous labryinths?

A

Perilymph

24
Q

What components form the labyrinth?

A
  1. Vestibule
  2. Semicircular ducts and canals
  3. Cochlea
  4. Spiral organ of Corti
25
Q

What are the components of the vestibule?

A
  1. Utricle
  2. Saccule
  3. Three semicircular canals

All components form part of the balance system

26
Q

What does the cochlear duct accomodate?

A

The spiral organ of Corti which contains the receptors of the auditory apparatus

27
Q

What kind of receptors do the utricle and saccule contain?

A

The utricle and saccule contain receptors that respond to rotational acceleration and the static pull of gravity

28
Q

What kind of receptors do the semicircular ducts contain?

A

The semicircular ducts contain receptors that respond to rotational acceleration in three different planes

29
Q

What is the function of the stapedius muscle?

A

To dampen down excessive vibration of the stapes bone in the ear

30
Q

Outline the sensory nerve supply to the auricle.

A
  1. Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) - Namely the area anterior to the external acoustic meatus
  2. Greater auricular nerve (C2/C3) - Namely the back of the ear, the helix/antihelix and the lobule
31
Q

Outline the sensory supply to the tympanic membrane.

A
  1. Auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) - external surface

2. Some innervation is supplied by a branch of the vagus nerve - the auricular branch

32
Q

What nerve is the internal surface of the tympanic membrane supplied by?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve - CN IX

33
Q

Why do patients with a sore throat sometimes complain of ear pain?

A
  1. Ear pain may result from infection spreading from the back of the throat or nasopharynx into the middle ear via the pharyngotympanic tube causing an otitis media
  2. Ear pain can also be felt due to the shared sensory innervation of the oropharynx with the inner surface of the tympanic membrane and middle ear cavity (CN IX)
  3. Hence, pain in the oropharynx secondary to infection may also result in pain being felt in the ear
34
Q

Why might a child with recurrent ear infections benefit from an adenoidectomy?

A
  1. The pharyngeal tonsils or adenoids are located in the nasopharynx in close proximity to the opening of the Eustachian tube
  2. They are present in young children, but subsequently shrink and disappear by early adulthood
  3. In children, if the adenoids are particularly large, they may result in obstruction of the nasal passage and signs such as snoring or mouth breathing
  4. Enlarged adenoids may also compress the opening of the Eustachian tube and impede its ability to drain and ventilate the middle ear
  5. Dysfunction of the Eustachian tube secondary to this obstruction may lead to recurrent ear infections and/or development of otitis media with effusion
  6. Removal of the adenoids allows Eustachian tube function to return

Applied Head and Neck Studies - Semester 4 (9 decks)

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