Week 3 - Blood Vessels and Lymphatics of the Head and Neck Flashcards
State the branches of the subclavian artery.
- Vertebral
- Internal thoracic
- Thyrocervical artery
State the branches of the thyrocervical trunk and what structures they supply.
- Ascending and transverse cervical arteries - supply the neck
- Suprascapular artery - supplies shoulder
- Inferior thyroid artery - supplies the lower pole of the thyroid gland
Through what hole does the internal carotid artery enter the skull?
Carotid canal
Through what hole do vertebral arteries pass through to enter the skull?
Foramen magnum
State the anatomical landmark at which the bifurcation of the common carotid artery occurs.
Superior border of the thyroid cartilage
State the relationship of the internal jugular vein to the common carotid artery.
The internal jugular vein lies laterally to the common carotid artery, under the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Outline the boundaries of the carotid triangle.
Superior boundary - Posterior belly of digastric
Medial boundary - Superior belly of omohyoid
Lateral boundary - Sternocleidomastoid
State the contents of the carotid triangle.
- Internal jugular vein
2. Bifurcation of the common carotid artery - external and internal carotid artery
State all the branches of the external carotid artery.
Superior thyroid artery Ascending Pharyngeal Lingual Facial Occipital Posterior auricular
Terminal branches:
Maxillary
Superficial temporal
Name the arteries that form the blood supply to the scalp.
Internal carotid:
- Supratrochlear
- Supra-orbital
External carotid:
- Posterior auricular
- Superficial temporal
- Occipital
Why do deep lacerations involving the epicranial aponeurosis cause profuse bleeding?
Opposing pull of occipitofrontalis
Why does loss of the scalp not lead to bone necrosis?
Because the blood supply to the skull is mostly from the middle meningeal artery
Outline the venous drainage of the scalp.
- Superficial temporal veins
- Posterior auricular veins
- Occipital veins
- Supraorbital and supratrochlear veins unite at medial angle of eye to form the angular vein which drains into the facial vein
- Deep parts of the scalp in the temporal region have veins which drain into the pterygoid venous plexus
What are dural venous sinuses? Where do they form?
Endothelium-lined spaces between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura
They form at dural septae
What do the sigmoid sinuses continue as?
The internal jugular veins - leave the skull through the jugular foramina
State the veins that form the venous drainage of the face.
- Supraorbital vein
- Supratrochlear vein
- Angular vein
- Facial vein
- Superior and inferior labial veins
- Common facial vein
- Internal jugular vein
- External jugular vein
What do the deep facial veins of the face drain into?
Pterygoid venous plexus
What is a better indication of the pressure in the right atrium - IJV or EJV?
The internal jugular vein (right IJV - effectively like a direct connection to the right atrium)
How is JVP calculated?
With the patient at a 45 degrees angle, height from sternal angle + 5 cm
How can infection spread from the scalp to the cranial cavity?
Via emissary veins
How can infection spread from the face to the cavernous sinus?
Via the inferior and superior ophthalmic veins and the deep facial veins
State the regions drained by the submandibular lymph nodes.
- Anterior nasal cavity
- Upper lip and teeth
- Lateral part lower lip
- Submandibular and sublingual glands
- Tongue - middle
- Most of face
State the regions drained by the submental lymph nodes.
- Lower lip and teeth - central
- Anterior chin
- Tip of tongue
- Floor of mouth
State the regions drained by the pre-auricular lymph nodes.
- Scalp
- Parotid gland
- Anterior part of ear- auricle
- Some sources state that the eyelids and conjunctiva drain here
