Week 7 TBI and Concussion Flashcards
How many hemispheres in the brain?
2 hemispheres
-left
-right
How many lobes in the brain? what are they called?
4 lobes
-Frontal lobe
-Temporal lobe
- Parietal lobe
- Occipital
What is a CVA?
Cerebrovascular accident. Occurs when blood supply to part of the brain is disrupted causing brain cells to die. To be considered a CVA, symptoms must last longer than 24 hours or cause death.
2 kinds of strokes and their causes
-Ischemic stroke: Blockage of blood vessels causes lack of blood flow to affected area of brain. Blockage occurs from fatty deposit buildup, or pieces of fatty deposits blocking blood stream.
-Hemorrhagic stroke: Rupture of blood vessels causing leakage of blood in brain. Caused by weakness in vain wall.
5 signs of a stroke
1) Numbness in arms face or legs (especially on one side of body)
2) trouble speaking /understanding others.
3) Difficulty walking, dizziness or loss of balance.
4) Vision problems in one or both eyes.
5) Sudden severe headache.
What is a TIA? Are the results permanent?
Transient Ischemic Attack, sometimes called a “mini-stroke”. Stroke like symptoms that go away on their own in 10-20 minutes. Results are not permanent, but indicate you are likely to have a stroke in the future.
What side of the brain controls what side of the body?
-Left brain - Right body
-Right brain- Left body
Where does language live in the brain?
Left side of brain. Broca’s Area and wernicke’s area.
What is Aphasia?
Aphasia is an acquired LANGUAGE disorder. Can be caused by stroke/injury to left side of brain. Does not affect individuals cognition or intelligence. Assume intellect and intelligence.
3 types of aphasia
1) Receptive Aphasia: Impacts language understanding.
2) Expressive Aphasia: impacts language production.
note true aphasia should have deficits in both receptive/expressive abilities but in varying degrees.
3) Global Aphasia: Total loss of comprehensive and expressive abilities, involving both spoken and written language.
What area of the brain is related to Expressive aphasia?
Broca’s area (Left Side, Frontal Lobe)
Person can understand language but disrupts speaking. (Broca’s aphasia, Non-fluent aphasia) BMF-Brocca, Motor, Frontal
What area of the brain is related to receptive aphasia?
Wernicke’s area. (left side, Temporal lobe)
this is the part of brain that enables a person to interpret language. Causes person to become unaware of their own speech and others speech. May speak nonsense words, word salad, Often unaware of their problem. (Wernicke’s aphasia, Fluent aphasia)
Apraxia
SPEECH disorder. Disorder of motor planning, programming and sequencing. Errors are inconsistent (same word sounds different every time) No weakness or strength issues in speech musculature. No issues with swallowing.
Dysarthria
SPEECH disorder. Disorder of execution. Weaknesses in speech musculature causing slurred words. Errors are consistent and distorted. May also have difficulty with swallowing/chewing.
What are symptoms of BOTH Apraxia and Dysarthria
-Know what they want to say but can’t physically speak it.
-Motor speech disorders
-Intelligibility decreases as length of utterance increases.
-Prosody errors. (tone, intonation)
Impacts of left CVA
-Movement and sensation of right side of body
-understanding and expressing language
-reading and writing
-vision on right side
Impacts of right CVA
-Movement and sensation of left side of body
-Face and object recognition
-Body awareness
-Vision on the left side
- Impaired concept of time
-Executive functioning**
-Behavior
-short attention span, impaired judgment, impulse control.
-Does not recognize problems/ minimizes them.
-visual neglect, left neglect, hemi neglect
Visual Neglect
Caused by right CVA. Individuals neglect left field of vision. Does not attend to anything happening on left side.
What is a Traumatic Brain Injury? How can someone get one?
TBI is a broad term that describes a vast array of injuries that can happen to the brain. Characterized by a disruption in the normal function of the brain. Occurs when a sudden, external, physical assault damages the brain.
Closed vs. Open head injury
Closed: Skull is not fractured. Brain is shaken.
Open: skull is fractured.
Focal vs Diffuse brain injury
Focal: damage is in one part of the brain.
Diffuse: Damage is spread out over different locations.
Common Causes of TBI’s
Falls (#1 cause)
Unintentional Blunt Trauma
Motor Vehicle Accidents
Assaults
Firearm Related Suicide (leading cause of TBI related death)
What is the Glasgow’s Comma scale. What does it measure and when is it used?
A neurological test to assess the patient’s responsiveness. It is used by first responders typically right after injury on the scene of the accident.Gives a severity score which is used to inform the hospital of what to except when the patient arrives.
Does not predict overall outcomes of long term results.
1) Eye Opening
2) Verbal Response
3) Motor Response
Severity score ranges from severe (3) to mild (15)
what is the purpose and use of the rancho scales?
Rates how people with brain injury are recovering/ should recover. Helps to determine when a patient is ready for rehabilitation.
What’s an overview of the levels of the Rancho Scales?
Level 1-3: no response of very limited response(ex squeezing hand) indicates patient is in coma.
Level 4-6: marked by confusion. require a lot of assistance.
Level 7: automatic and robotic like responses.
Level 8-10: Purposeful and appropriate responses. May do things correctly even if inconsistent.
5 long term challenges of a TBI.
1) Physical symptoms
2) Cognitive Symptoms
3) Emotional Symptoms
4) Sensory Symptoms
5) Behavioral Symptoms
What’s our definition of a concussion?
Mild TBI
Is a concussion from an open or closed head injury?
Closed
Common signs and symptoms of a concussion
Signs:
Loss of Consciousness
Disorientation
Incoherent Speech
Confusion
Memory Loss
Dazed or vacant stare
Symptoms:
Headache/Dizziness
Difficulty Concentration
Sensitivity to light
Ringing in the Ears
Fatigue
Vomiting
Intense emotions, depression, anxiety
Sleeping a lot or very little
What is second impact syndrome and why is it problematic?
Occurs when a person suffers a second concussion while their brain is still healing from an initial concussion. SIS can occur even days or weeks after the initial concussion is diagnosed.
SIS causes dangerous swelling and bleeding that can cause death or permanent disability.
