Week 2 Flashcards
3 Types of Speech Disorders
1)Motor-Child has difficulty coordinating/executing movements required to produce speech sounds.
2)Articulation-Child can’t produce a specific speech sound (ex cant say s)
3)Phonological- Child can produce sound but doesn’t always do so correctly. Ex: can say /k/ but says tat instead of cat.
Do we identify people with dialects or accents as needing treatment
No. The have a language difference rather than a language disorder.
What articulators are involved in sound production
-Vocal Tract- Lips, Teeth, Alveolar Ridge, Hard Palate, Soft Palate (Velum), Tongue, Jaw (Mandible)
-Nasal Cavity
How can consonants be described?
1) Voicing- The vibrations of vocal chords. Voiced=vibrations Voiceless=no vibration
2) Place- Where the sound is produced in the mouth. From lips to back of throat.
3) Manner- How the airflow is constricted in the vocal tract.
How can vowels be described?
1)Tongue Placement- front or back of mouth
2)Tongue Height- top or bottom of mouth
3) Lip Rounding- lips round or flat
4) Tenseness- degree of tension in mouth
What kind of abilities are we born with, related to sound. And how does this change over time.
Infants- can hear discriminate nearly every phonetic contrast, Including those not in native language.
By 9 months children lose the ability to differentiate between sounds not in their native language.
Haven’t lost their auditory capabilities - their perception has reorganized to prioritize efficiency for their language environment.
Segmentaion
Infants gradually learn to recognize where sentences, words, syllables, and individual sounds begin and end.
Perceptual Constancy
Babies recognize that a particular sound is the same in different words. ex: b in “bat” and ‘bit” is the same sound.
How does control of our sound system progress over time. Infancy on
Newborn: all sounds are reflexes. Crying
1-3 months: cooing, laughing, vocalizing
4-6 months: single syllables emerge, “ba, ga”
6-8 months: Canonical babbling, Bababa, dadada
8-12 months: Variegated babbling, bagadabu
12 months: first words
Protoword
Occurs when children begin to map meaning onto their babbles.
made up word that sound nothing like the real word. Has specific meaning for the child and their immediate caregivers. Ex “coo” for milk.
Why is babbling important?
Babbling impacts later language. babbles with more complexity and diverse consonant production show more/faster language growth. Vs Babbles with less consonants and more vowels show less/slower language growth.
Phonological processes
A pattern of sound errors that typically developing children use to simplify speech as they are learning to talk.
Are phonological processes part of typical development? When are we worried.
Yes they are typical. Only worried when they persist past the age when most typically developed kids have stopped using them. = phonological disorder.
Why do phonological processes occur?
because children don’t have ability to coordinate articulators for clear speech yet so they simplify words in predictable ways.
How do we know a phonological processes is occuring?
-systematic and predictable
-Affect whole classes of sounds
-Certain processes are common
-Typically resolve on their own
Do phonological processes impact just one sound?
No, usually impacts entire classes or patterns of sound.
Articulation vs. Phonological Processes
Articulation: The actual ability to produce a sound. even in isolation.
Phonological Processes: ability to use a sound correctly in a word. even though they can produce sound.
Categories of Phonological Processes
Syllable Structure-changing the structure of syllables in words, often by omitting or simplifying parts of a word. (ex ca for cat, pane for plane)
Substitution- involve replacing one class of sounds with another. (ex tat for cat, wabbit for rabbit)
Assimilation- When a consonant sound starts to sound like another sound in the word. (ex bub for bus)
What do we do when testing for speech sound disorders?
-Case History
-Standardized Test
-Oral Mechanism Exam
-Speech Language Sample
-Intelligibility
-Stimulability-Can child imitate sound
Childhood Apraxia of Speech
A phonetic motoric speech disorder. Children know what they want to say and what sound they want to produce but they have trouble with the motor planning involved to actually execute it properly.
Typical Milestones for Language Development: Infant (Birth-1)
-Vocal Development (reflexive, cooing, babbling)
-Intentionally communicate
-Develop a lexicon (mental dictionary) 10 words by 10 months
-First word around 12 months
Typical Milestone for Language Development: Toddler 1-3
Semantics- Lexicon continues to grow
Syntax- begin combining words. 1-4 word utterances.
Morphology-expressive morphology begins to develop. Use more complex grammatical morphemes.
Pragmatics- Language use explands to different functions (Requests/demands, express feelings, provide info. more social uses)
Speech- Articulation and phonological rules develop very quickly. at least 75% intelligible by 3 years old.
Summarize language growth in preschool years
Semanitcs-Lexicon grows rapidly, use of pronouns
Syntax-MLU increases
Morphology-all of Browns MLU’s should be present by 5 Years old.
Pragmatics- information seeking conversationalists.
Speech- Articulation becomes more clear, most phonological processes resolve, Most speech shound should be developed.
Define Language Disorder
What aspects of language can difficulties occur in? What does it impact.
Occurs when an individual exhibits significant & persistent difficulties with the comprehension and/or expression of spoken or written language, when compared to other children at a similar age with a similar linguistic and cultural background. Difficulties can occur in Content, use , form or all three. May impact Reading or writing skills.
What is MLU and why is it Useful?
How is it Calculated?
MLU= Mean Length Utterance.
Used to gather info on child’s language development and expression by tracking syntax growth. Calculated by gathering a 50-100 utterance sample. Counting both free and bound morphemes. dividing total morphemes by total utterances.
Describe Brown’s morphemes and stages of development and why they are useful
Brown identified 14 Morphemes that occur in language development and what age they typically occur. Calculating MLU lets us know what stage of language development a child is at. Also describes what milestones and skills are expected at each stage.
Define Speech Language Impairment
What aspects of language can it affect?
When is it diagnosed?
What Causes it?
A significant impairment of expressive or receptive language in preschool/ school-age children that cannot be attributed to any other causal condition. May have difficulties in Content,use, form or all three. Language skills seem disproportionately poor relative to their intellectual capabilities.
Typically diagnosed after 3 years old.
No Known Cause- likely a combo of factors.
Describe an Intellectual Disability. What criteria need to be met to diagnose
-a condition of arrested or incomplete development of mind.
-Children under age 18
-Mental abilities are SIGNIFICANTLY below what would be expected based on their age. IQ under 70
-Have problems functioning in society
-low adaptive skills
-Language skills match mental abilities
-ID can occur with other disabilities
-Problems with memory
-slow progression to goals
what other disorders can language disorder co-occur with?
Cerebral palsy, autism, specific learning disabilities, ADHD, traumatic brain injury
What can we use or do to evaluate language disorders?
-case history
-interviews (parents, teacher, paraprofessionals)
-Observation-preferably in different settings
-Formal testing: many different standardized assessments
-Informal testing
What are examples of Syllable Structure phonological processes?
Cluster reduction
Final consonant deletion
initial consonant deletion
weak syllable deletion
Epenthesis
Examples of substitution phonological processes
Backing
fronting
gliding
stopping
vowelization
affrication
deafrfrication
alveolarization
depalatization
labialization
Examples of Assimilation phonological processes
assimilation
denasalization
final consonant devoicing
prevocalic voicing
coalescence
reduplication
3 key features of CAS
Token to token variability- Variability in how the same sounds is produced. Ex: bubble,baba,bobo,baboo.
Lengthened/distorted coarticulatory distortions- The movement between sounds is interrupted. C a t, having trouble putting sounds together fluidly.
Prosodic deficits- Rate, stress, intonation. Stress may be on one sound, then another. May say words too fast or too slow. Intonation may be off (risa/fall of pitch)
What is treatment for CAS
Motor based approach
-Dynamic temporal and tactile cueing (DTTC)
