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KNPE335 > Week 7: Stereotypes and Barriers > Flashcards

Week 7: Stereotypes and Barriers Flashcards

1
Q

How do stereotypes exist?

A

Explicit attitudes
Implicit priming

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2
Q

Explicit attitudes

A

Previously learned information
What people consciously endorse or believe
Direct and deliberate
Can be acknowledged

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3
Q

Example of explicit attitudes

A

I have to retire when I am 65 because that’s when i’m old

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4
Q

Implicit priming

A

Associations outside of the conscious awareness
Unconscious and effortless
Indirect and automatic
Involuntarily active

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5
Q

Implicit priming example

A

Older adult in LTC waving off help from a family member when they are trying to get up

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6
Q

Dimensions of stereotypes

A
  1. Paternalistic prejudice
  2. Admiration
  3. Contemptous prejudice
  4. Envious prejudice
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7
Q

Paternalistic prejudice

A

Low status
Not competitive
Pity, sympathy
Low competence, high warmth

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8
Q

Examples of paternalistic prejudice

A

Elderly people
Disabled people
Housewives

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9
Q

Admiration

A

High status
Not competitive
High Competence
High warmth

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10
Q

Examples of admiration

A

In-group
Close allies

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11
Q

Contemptous prejudice

A

Low status
Competitive
Disgust, Anger, Resentment
Low competence
Low warmth

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12
Q

Examples of contemptous prejudice

A

Welfare recipients, poor people

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13
Q

Envious prejudice

A

High status
Competitive envy
Jealousy
High competence
Low warmth

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14
Q

Examples of envious prejudice

A

Asian jews
Rich people
Feminists

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15
Q

Stone and Baker (2017)

A

Self-efficacy and biomechanics related to stair navigation in older adults
Primed older adults can navigate stairs with more confidence, quickness and efficiency

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16
Q

Barber (2020)

A

Stereotype threat can impair older adults’ physical performance
Dependent on task’s objective difficulty and participants’ subjective evaluations of their own resources

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17
Q

“Defeat aging”

A

Grey hair on women
Aging products

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18
Q

Media representations

A

96% positive portrayal for individuals 50 under years old
only 72% positive portrayal for individuals 50+ years old
Only 15% of images in news are individuals over 50 years old

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19
Q

Disney roles for older adults

A

39% of older adults had a major role
80% male
Many portrayed as negative or villainous

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20
Q

What is ageism?

A

How we think (stereotypes), feel (prejudice) and act (discrimination) towards others or ourselves based on age

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21
Q

Everyday ageism

A

Occurs in day-to-day lives through interpersonal interactions and exposure to ageist beliefs, assumptions, and stereotypes

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22
Q

Stats regarding everyday ageism

A

82% experience one or more forms of everyday ageism
65% exposure to ageist messages
45% ageism in interpersonal interactions
36% internalized ageism

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23
Q

Three main determinants of ageism

A
  1. Cognitive (stereotypes)
  2. Emotional (prejudice)
  3. Behavioural (discrimination)
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24
Q

How many people worldwide are ageist against older people?

A

50%

25
Q

What does ageism affect?

A

Organizations
Institutions
Relationships
Ourselves

26
Q

What does ageism exacerbate?

A

Other forms of disadvantage such as those related to sex, race and disability

27
Q

How does ageism shorten older adult’s lives?

A
  • Poor physical health
  • Delay in injury or illness recovery
  • Decreased mental health
  • Increased social isolation and loneliness
  • Lower quality of life
28
Q

How does ageism affect everyone?

A

Costs society billions of dollars
Causes conflicts btwn generations
Causes loss of productivity in the workplace
Causes elder abuse

29
Q

Programs to prevent ageism

A

Not many programs that aim to prevent ageism, more aim to improve ageism
We create programs for the issue itself, need to target source

30
Q

Categories of everyday ageism

A
  1. Exposure to ageist messages
  2. Ageism in interpersonal interactions
  3. Internalized ageism
31
Q

Exposure to ageist messages

A

In media (ex. Disney villains being older)
The way that buildings are set up

32
Q

Ageism in interpersonal interactions

A

Interactions with family and friends

33
Q

Internalized ageism

A

Personal beliefs about aging and older people

34
Q

How is it all related?

A

Experiences of ageism are directly related to knowledge about healthy aging and affect attitudes of aging

35
Q

How can we combat ageism?

A
  1. Policy and law
  2. Education
  3. Intergeneration
36
Q

Policy and law

A

Equitable access to services
Adresses discrimination and inequality

37
Q

Education

A

Educating individuals of all ages about aging and ageism

38
Q

Intergeneration

A

Interventions to develop mutual understanding and cooperation of diff generations

39
Q

Combatting ageism with research

A
  • Investing resources in formative, monitoring and evaluation research
  • Campaigns to foster a learning environment
  • Research findings responded to in timely manner
  • Include research throughout entire campaign
  • Know when to measure, what to measure and how best to measure
40
Q

Combatting ageism with community work

A
  1. Engage
  2. Involve
  3. Include
41
Q

Engage

A

Incorporate voices of community

42
Q

Involve

A

Involve a range of government structures

43
Q

Include

A

Include representatives from affected communities in workshops, marketing and feedback

44
Q

Controlled barriers to aging

A
  • Nutrition and lifestyle habits
  • Mindset/outlook
  • People we spend time with
  • Alterable environment
45
Q

Non controlled barriers to aging

A
  • Genetics
  • Upbringing/family history
  • Past choices
  • Fixed environment
46
Q

Most important barriers to healthy aging

A
  1. Multi-morbidity
  2. Low income
  3. Tobacco and alcohol use
47
Q

Social comparison theory

A

Process through which people come to know themselves by evaluating their own attitudes, abilities and beliefs in comparison with others relates to self-evaluations and self-enhancement

48
Q

Upward comparison

A

Comparing to someone who is better off than you
ex. older person comparing themself to younger person who is successfully aging

49
Q

Downwards comparison

A

Comparing to someone who is worse off than you
ex. older person comparing to an even older frail person

50
Q

Women comparing

A

Women w poor health are more likely to make upward comparison

51
Q

Males comparing

A

Downwards comparison, especially physical health

52
Q

Types of barriers

A

Physical
Social
Cognitive
Mental
Environmental

53
Q

Physical barriers

A
  • Age
  • Advanced age
  • Gender
  • Co-morbidities
  • Addiction
  • Medical events
54
Q

Social barriers

A
  • Illness and disability
  • Loss of contact w friends/relatives
  • Lack of supportive community
  • Lack of acceptable social opportunities
  • Less access to quality relationships
  • Physical and cognitive limitations
  • Personal responsibilities
  • Transportation
55
Q

Social barrier example

A

Aging and driving
Doesn’t mean that everyone over age 65 shouldn’t drive

56
Q

Spiritual factors

A

Can be facilitators or barriers to aging
- Nature and meaning of one’s life
- Balancing what can and cannot be changed
- Religious beliefs
- Formal religion

57
Q

Environmental barriers

A
  • Low income*
  • Accessibility
  • Education
  • Safety
  • Transportation and mobility*
  • Services* and programs available
  • Assisted living/ Housing *
58
Q

Low income barriers for older adults

A
  • Participating in activities and programs for healthy aging
  • Initiating and maintaining a behaviour
  • More likely to develop disease
  • Declines in mental health
  • declines in physical and cognitive function
  • Food insecurity
59
Q

Poverty and unattached older adults

A

Poverty and low income are more common in unattached older adults (widows, lacking spouse)

KNPE335 (12 decks)

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