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KNPE335 > Week 2: Physical Healthy Aging > Flashcards

Week 2: Physical Healthy Aging Flashcards

1
Q

Why use the term older adult?

A

55 or 60+
Used most frequently in previous literature
Senior is too limited
Elderly connotes frailty
Older adult encompasses those who wouldn’t consider themselves a senior

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2
Q

General physical changes with aging

A
  • increased risk of chronic disease
  • activity level declines
  • decline in lean body mass and bone density
  • increased risk of falls and fractures
  • impaired oral/eye/ear
  • changes in skin, taste, smell
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3
Q

Skeletal system and healthy aging

A

Btwn 30-80 yrs there is progression of various issues such as…
- density of bones begin to diminish
- bones are more fragile and more likely to break
- stiff joints
- limited ROM

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4
Q

Importance of skeletal system

A

Calcium storage, movement and reduce frailty

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5
Q

Musculature and healthy aging

A

Peak muscle strength = age 20-30
After 30 and into old age…
- Muscle atrophy: thinning/loss of muscle tissue
- Sarcopenia: loss of muscle
- Muscles fibres not able to contract as quickly

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6
Q

Importance of musculature

A

Prevent weakness and fatigue
Improve ability to perform daily activities
Reduce risk of falls and injury

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7
Q

Visual changes

A

Occur by age 50
Common diseases of the eye:
- Glaucoma
- Dry eyes
- Macular degeneration
- Cataracts

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8
Q

Age related changes to eye

A

Pupil: decreased diameter
Vitreous humor: changes from gel to liquid
Macula: loss of central vision
Lens: proteins precipitate = cataracts

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9
Q

Age related changes to ear- Vestibular changes

A

Inner ear- hair cells lost and otoliths degenerate causing loss of balance
Eustachian tube- muscle atrophy
Tympanic membrane- less vascular, decreased elasticity
Cochlea- hair cells degenerate
Ossicles- joints btwn bones thin
Ear canal- earwax, may collapse
Pinna- enlarges

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10
Q

Joint proprioception and aging

A
  • Mechanoreceptors (neural input) change (located in joints, capsules, ligaments, muscles, tendons, skin)
  • Causes impaired/deterioration of proprioception leading to less accurate detection of body position
  • Increased risk of falls
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11
Q

Balance and aging

A

Good balance requires sensory input from vision, vestibular system and proprioceptors and as we age these systems deteriorate

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12
Q

Top 10 chronic diseases

A
  1. Hypertension
  2. Periodontal disease
  3. Osteoarthritis
  4. Ischemic heart disease
  5. Diabetes
  6. Osteoporosis
  7. Cancer
  8. COPD
  9. Asthma
  10. Mood and anxiety disorders
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13
Q

Aging risk factors

A
  • Tobacco and drinking
  • Consuming a healthy diet
  • PA
  • Sleep
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14
Q

Multimorbididty and prevalence

A

The co-occurence in the same individual of two or more of the ten common chronic diseases
**1/3 seniors have it

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15
Q

Negative effects of multimorbidity

A

Impaired quality of life
Increased use of health care resources
Institutionalization
Adverse health effects
Disability
Premature death

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16
Q

Diabetes and age risk factors

A

Risk of diabetes increases as we age
Management of diabetes becomes more difficult as we age…
- coexisting medical conditions
- cognitive issues (forgetting to take meds)
- lack of knowledge and access to resources

17
Q

Why is diabetes placed on the back-burner for older adults?

A

Older adults suffering from multimorbidity disease focus on the more prominent disease even though diabetes is perpetuating their neg health

18
Q

High blood pressure and aging

A

Reduction of elastic tissues resulting in stiff arteries

19
Q

Cancer and age risk factors

A

Risk of cancer increases as you age
However, the incidence of cancer decreases after age 85
Possibly due to a decline in the physiological processes that lead to cancer (cells)

20
Q

What is the most common injury and one of the leading causes of death in older adults?

A

Falling

21
Q

Where are falls more likely?

A

In the community rather than a long term care home as they are set up for preventing falls

22
Q

What percentage of falls cause a life-threatening injury?

A

1/5

23
Q

Hospital visits and older adults

A

There is an increased risk of morbidity when adults spend time in the hospital

24
Q

Fall cycle in seniors

A
  1. Fall
  2. Loss of balance confidence
  3. Fear of falling again
  4. Self restriction of physical activities
  5. Reduced muscle strength, impaired balance
  6. Abnormal gait, more unstable on feet
  7. Increased risk of falling
  8. Fall
    And the cycle begins again
25
Q

Compensatory mechanisms for balance

A

*Actually increase the rate of falling
Cautious gait
Frozen gait

26
Q

Cautious gait

A

Excessive degree of age related changes in walking and fear of falling
ex. slow, wider base, reduced arm swing

27
Q

Frozen gait

A

Short, sudden, temporary episodes of an inability to move feet forward despite the intention to

28
Q

Frailty

A

State of increased vulnerability to disease and disability

29
Q

Frailty intervention targets (AVOID)

A
  1. Activity
  2. Vaccinate
  3. Optimize medications
  4. Interact w others
  5. Diet and nutrition
30
Q

What percentage of older adult age 65+ have at least 1 of the 10 common chronic diseases?

A

73%

31
Q

Prevalence of falls in older adults

A

20-30% of seniors experience 1+ falls each year

32
Q

How many seniors are admitted to LTC post fall?

A

1/3

33
Q

Percentage of senior’s injury related hospitalizations

A

85%

34
Q

Percentage of hip fractures that falls cause

A

95%

35
Q

Falls cost how much a year in healthcare costs

A

$2 billion

36
Q

Post fall syndrome

A

Creates a cycle of increasing weakness and instability through joint mobility reductions, physical conditioning and poor balance

37
Q

Post fall syndrome symptoms

A

Dependence
Loss of autonomy
Loss of self-confidence
Depression
Confusion
Immobilization
Restriction to daily activities

KNPE335 (12 decks)

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