Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research > Week 7 - Quant Research Design & Descriptive Stats Part 2 > Flashcards

Week 7 - Quant Research Design & Descriptive Stats Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define descriptive statistics

A
  • Describe and synthesize data
  • Summarize sample characteristics
  • Describe key research variables
  • Document methodologic features (response rate)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define inferential statistics

A
  • Make inferences about a population

- Answer the research questions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the four levels of measurement

A
  • nominal
  • ordinal
  • interval
  • ratio
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is nominal

A

Mutually exclusive categories/groups. Assigning numbers to classify characteristics into categories (categorical); Ex: gender, blood type, marital status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the two subcategories of nominal

A
  • equivalence/non-equivalence

- mutually exclusive/collectively exhaustive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is equivalence/non-equivalence in terms of nominal

A

It only provides info about equivalence and nonequivalence.

Ex: male = 1, female = 2; So jenny is equivalent to 2 (female) but not equivalent to male

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is mutually exclusive/collectively exhaustive in terms of nominal

A

each person must be classifiable into one and only one category.
Ex: 1 = married, 2 = divorced, 3 = widowed. The requirement for collective exhaustiveness would not be met if there were people in a sample who had never been married

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

which two levels of measurement are categorical

A

nominal & ordinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is ordinal

A

Ranked groups; Sorting people based on their relative ranking on an attribute. Ordered according to some criterion. Captures equivalence but also relative rank; Ordered/Relative ranking
They do not however tell us anything about how much greater on elevel is than another; The differences between the rankings are unknown

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is an example of ordinal

A

Ex: 1 = completely independent; 2 = needs another person’s assistance; 3 = completely independent; Signifies incremental ability to perform ADLs; People coded 4 are equivalent to each other with regard to functional ability and relative to those in other categories, have more of that attribute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is interval

A

Equal numerical distance between points on the scale; Expands analytic possibilities (i.e. data can be averaged meaningfully)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is an example of interval

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is ratio

A

Interval level data which has a true zero (absence of a factor); Highest measurement level; Provides info about ordering on the critical attribute, the intervals between objects, and the absolute magnitude of the attribute because they have a rational meaningful zero

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is an example of ratio

A

Ex: weight (has an absolute 0)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what two level of measurements are continuous

A

interval & ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

when looking at mode, counts and frequency, which level of measurement could you use

A

nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

when looking at median, minimum, maximum, range, which level of measurement could you use

A

ordinal, interval or ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

when looking at mean, variance, standard deviation, which level of measurement could you use

A

interval or ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

t/f - interval and ratio are the same statistics

A

true - but ratio is an absolute 0

20
Q

which level of measurement should you use for age

A

nominal or ordinal

21
Q

what are the measures of central tendencies

A

mode, mean, median

22
Q

what is mode

A

the most frequent value

Frequency distribution: observed scores values and the frequency (%)

23
Q

what is median

A

the midpoint-above/below 50%

Average position, preferred with highly skewed data

24
Q

what is mean

A

the average
Affected by every score
Most widely used
most stable

25
Q

what are the three shapes of distribution

A
  • symmetric
  • asymmetric
  • modality
26
Q

what is a symmetric distribution

A

Normal distribution (bell curve)

27
Q

what is asymmetric distribution

A

(pulled towards a tail - look at tail not hump to describe +/-
Positively skewed - tail points to the right
Negatively skewed - tail points to the left; Ex: death would be negatively skewed because people die at an older age and only a few die young

28
Q

in positively skewed, which way does the tail point

A

right

29
Q

in negatively skewed, which way does the tail point

A

left

30
Q

what are the two types of modality distribution

A

unimodal and multimodal

31
Q

what is unimodal distribution

A

only one peak (i.e. a value with high frequency)

32
Q

what is multimodal distribution

A

more than one peak

33
Q

what is variability

A

how spread out the data are

34
Q

what is range

A

highest value - lowest value

ex: blood pressure

35
Q

what is variance

A
  • value of the SD before the square root has been taken

- spread/dispersal of data

36
Q

what is standard deviation

A

the average amount of deviation of values from the mean using every score

37
Q

what does a lower standard deviation mean

A

the more homogenous the sample is (sharper peak at the top)

38
Q

what does a higher standard deviation mean

A

be more variability and more heterogeneity in the variable that you’re interested

39
Q

what does standard deviation look like in a near-normal distribution

A

Line in middle is mean
+/- 3 SDs above and below the mean
68% of cases fall within 1 SD
+/- 1 SD = above (34%), below (34%) (Shaded area)
+/- 2 SD = 95% - usually anything outside of 2 SDs is going to be an outlier
+/- 3 SD = 99.7%

40
Q 
What is the key thing that makes experimental or quasi-experimental studies different from non-experimental designs?
A.  Demographic variables
B. Intervention or treatment
C.  Number of groups
D.  Sample size
A

B. Intervention or treatment

41
Q 
What type of design is a systematic investigation of relationships between two or more variables that is meant to explain relationships between variables instead of establishing cause and effect?
A. Randomized clinical trial (RCT)
B.  Correlational design
C.  Experimental design
D.  Quasi-experimental design
A

B. Correlational design

42
Q 
Which design includes the administration of more than one treatment to each subject with the treatments being provided sequentially rather than concurrently?
A.  Crossover
B.  Descriptive
C.  Factorial
D.  Time series
A

A. Crossover

43
Q 
The aim of a study is to assess elementary school nurses’ perceptions of student bullying, actions when they encounter bullies, and perceived level of preparation for dealing with this problem.  Which design would be most appropriate to use?
A.  Crossover
B.  Descriptive
C.  Experimental
D.  Prospective (cohort)
A

B. Descriptive

44
Q 
The aim of a study is to evaluate the short- and long-term effects of smoking cessation strategies tailored to help pregnant adolescents attain and maintain abstinence from smoking.  Specifically, the researchers want to compare differences in short and long term smoking behaviors in three groups (Teen Fresh Start, Teen Fresh Start Plus, and Usual Care control).  What design would be most appropriate to use?
A.  Case control
B.  Crossover
C.  Descriptive
D.  Experimental
A

D. Experimental

45
Q 
The aim of a study is to examine the relationship of less restrictive restraints with seclusion usage, average years of nursing experience, and mix of staff nursing degrees. What design would be most appropriate to use?
A.  Case Control
B.  Crossover
C. Descriptive correlational
D.  Randomized controlled trial
A

C. Descriptive correlational

Research (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions