Week 7 - Neuromuscular Physiology Flashcards
What is the function of the frontal lobe?
Decision making
Movement
What are the main anatomical features of a neuron?
Dendrites
Soma
Axon hillock
Axon terminal
What is the structure and function of dendrites?
At the end of the neuron (like little trees)
They pick up signals from other neurons from the body and pass the signal to the soma.
What is the function of the soma?
Contains the nucleus
Protein productions (ribosomes)
Contains endoplasmic reticulum and golgi apparatus
Contains mitochondria
What is the function of the axon hillock?
Action potential begins, no rough endoplasmic reticulum
What is the funciton of the axon terminal?
Contains the synapses
Acetylcholine released from synapses across synaptic cleft
What are the three types of axoplasmic transport?
Describe them
Microtubules (tublin)- run down the of the axon (within it) Anterograde transport (kinesin)- down the axon, movement protein, transport vesicles from the soma known as motor proteins Retrotrade transport (dynein)- up the axon, movement protein, transport vesicles from the soma known as motor proteins
What is action potential propagation?
And what effect does mylelinated axons had on it?
The electrical signal passes down the axon from cell to cell.
Allows the depolarisation to jump down the axon
What are the two types of synapses?
Describe their features
Electrical- mediated by gap junctions, bidirectional, Ions and small molecules pass through, fast
Chemical- require the release of neurotransmitter, slow
What do neurons allow communication between?
Other neurons and muscle fibres
What do muscle fibres allow communication between?
Other muscle fibres
Provide examples of chemical synapses
Neurons
Muscle fibres
CNS
What are the ways in which the axon of the CNS connect to the neuron, and name it
Axodendritic- axon connects to dendrite
Axosomatic- axon connects to soma
Axoaxonic- axon connects to axon
What are the groups of neurotransmitter?
Cholinergic neurons
Catecholaminergic neurons
Serotonergic neurons
Amino acidergic neurons
Describe cholinergic neurons
What enzyme synthesises ACh?
Uses acetylcholine (ACh)
All motor neurons in the spinal cord and brain stem release ACh
Choline acetyltransferase
What does the synthesis of ACh look like (reaction)?
Acetyl-CoA + Choline —–> ACh
Enzyme Choline acetyltransferase
Provide examples of catecholaminergic neurons
Name the precursor
Dopamine
Noreepinephrine
Epinephrine
Precursor- Tyrosine
Provide an example of serotonergic ceurons
Serotonin
Provide example of ammino acidergic neurons
Glutamate- excytatory
Glycone
Gammaminobutyric acid (GABA)- Inhibatory
How can a neuromuscular activation be measured?
Dynamometer- measures strength (force output)
Megnetic stimulation
Electrical stimulation
Electromyography- looking at the electrical signals within the body
How does electromyography work?
Recording changes in electrical potential of a the whole muscle, surface or intramuscular
How does magnetic stimulation meausre neurotrasmitter strength?
Areas of central control (in the brain)- pulse magnet somewhere along the motor cortex to stimulate area
What are the two ways motor potential can be evoked externally?
Magnetic stimulation
Electrical stimulation
What do you measure when using motor evoked potential?
Excitability -Mwave amplitude -Mwave area (If they both increase, excitability is increasing) Contractility -Twitch force -Time to peak twitch -Half relaxation time -Elctromechanical delay Voluntary activation
How does cocaine work?
Dopamine re-uptake transporter is blocked therefore excess dopamine.
Increase happiness –> high feeling
