Week 7 - Meta-Theoretical Paradigms in Management Science

Question 1

Basic Concepts

Answer 1

The basic concepts when choosing a research strategy is Ontology, Epistemology, and Methodology.

Ontology: What is reality? What exists in the world? (Roots)

Epistemology: How can we know about the reality? How should we investigate? (Branch)

Methodology: How do we conduct research? (Branches)

Question 2

How Do Institutions Work?

Answer 2

Institutions function on three different logical functions.

1. Consequentialist Framework
   - Assumption: individuals adopt institutions because the consequences (outcomes) are beneficial to them
   - Focus: utility-maximisation and strategic action
   - Compatible with rational choice theory
   - Limitation: it only explains why an institution is stable is one place, not why it exists in the way it does
2. Normative Framework
   - Assumption: individuals follow institutional rules because they believe it is the “right thing to do”
   - Focus: social norms, morality, and cultural appropriateness
   - behaviour is driven by what is seen as legitimate or socially acceptable
3. Cognitive Framework
   - Assumption: institutions are followed because they reflect taken-for-granted beliefs
   - Focus: cognitive scripts, worldviews, and unquestioned assumptions
   - actors don’t even conceive of alternatives: beliefs are not questioned, even if factually false