Week 7 (Memory)

Question 1

What type of memory would you use for riding a bike?

Answer 1

Procedural Memory

Question 2

What type of memory would you use for knowing what a word means?

Answer 2

Semantic Knowledge

Question 3

What type of memory would you use to recall the last digit someone read to you?

Answer 3

Working Memory, Short Term memory

Question 4

What type of memory would you use to remember the last scene of a film you saw?

Answer 4

Working Memory, Short term memory

Question 5

What type of memory would you use to do 102-25

Answer 5

Short-term memory, Working memory.

Question 6

What type of memory would you use to recall a persons name.

Answer 6

Short-term memory, Working memory, Long-term memory.

Question 7

What type of memory would you use to recall the capital of Spain?

Answer 7

Semantic Knowledge

Question 8

What type of memory would you use to remember what you ate for breakfast yesterday.

Answer 8

Long term-memory

Question 9

What are the types of Declarative memory?

Answer 9

-Semantic (Facts)
-Episodic (Events)

Question 10

What are the types of non-declarative memory?

Answer 10

-Procedural skills (e.g. motor, perceptual, cognitive)
-Priming (perceptual, semantic)
-Conditioning
-Non-associative (habituation, sensitisation)

Question 11

What are the three stages of remembering?

Answer 11

-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval

Question 12

Definition of Encoding

Answer 12

The formation of a mental representation through processes occurring during the ‘to-be remembered” experience.

Question 13

Definition of Storage

Answer 13

Temporary (or more permanent) mental retention of some aspects of the representation.

Question 14

Definition of Retrieval

Answer 14

Recovery or extraction of the mental representation from our mental storage system.

Question 15

What two ideas did recency and primacy effects support.

Answer 15

-Recency effects support idea of a temporary store with a limited capacity.
-Primacy effects support idea of a more permanent store with a much larger capacity.

Question 16

What did the 50s/60s “modal” model consist of.

Answer 16

Three systems:
-Sensory registers
-Short-term store
-Long-term store

Question 17

Definition of “working memory” that replaced the short term memory store in the modal model.

Answer 17

A working memory allows humans to comprehend and and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate and act on current goals.

Question 18

Who created the 1974 working memory model

Answer 18

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 19

What made up the 1974 working memory (Short term store) model

Answer 19

-The Visuo-spatial sketchpad (stores a small amount of information based on visual and spatial characteristics)
-Central executive (An attentional system to control and co-ordinate mental activities)
-Phonological loop (Stores a small amount of information in a speech based form.)

Question 20

Findings about phonological loop

Answer 20

-Phonological: sound systems in a loop
-If verbal material is stored/rehearsed phonologically than similar sounding letters should be more difficult to remember.
-Confusion and errors made for words with similar sounding letters.
-Pronunciation time has an influence: words that are longer are more difficult to recall.

Question 21

What tasks were done to research the visuospatial sketchpad?

Answer 21

Primary tasks:
-Corsi blocks test (spatial)
-Visual patterns test (visual)
Interference tasks:
-Spatial tapping task (spatial)
-Viewing irrelevant pictures (visual)

Question 22

Findings about visuospatial sketchpad

Answer 22

That visual storage and spatial storage are at least partially stored separately.

Question 23

Potential functions of the central executive.

Answer 23

Shifting: Shifting back and forth between multiple tasks, operations or mental sets.
Updating: Updating and monitoring of working memory representations.
Inhibition: Inhibit dominant, automatic or prepotent responses.

Question 24

What does the central executive do overall?

Answer 24

Helps to control and co-ordinate activities, with a range of functions.

Question 25

Levels of processing (Craig & Lockhart, 1972)

Answer 25

Challenged the multi-store account of memory.
-Capacity: “Chunks” are hard to define, more about the issue of processing capacity?
-Coding: not about “type” of codes but instead, processing demands of the task.
-Retention- more about how it was processed rather than how long ago?

Question 26

Evidence for levels of processing

Answer 26

“Is the word in capital letters?” Structural processing

“Does the word rhyme with weight?” Phonemic processing

“Is the word a type of fish?” Categorical processing?

“Would the word fit in this sentence?” Sentence processing

Question 27

Who did a levels of processing experiment in 1975

Answer 27

Craig and Tulving

Question 28

What were the deepest and shallowest levels in the levels of processing experiment?

Answer 28

Deciding if capital letters is the shallowest level
Sentence task is the deepest level.

Question 29

Who challenged the level processing framework?

Answer 29

Morris, Bransford and Franks in 1977

Question 30

What finding challenged the level processing framework

Answer 30

That the effects of depth reversed depending on the final task

Question 31

What overlap increases the successful retrieval of the target item? (Thompson & Tulving, 1970)

Answer 31

The overlap between the encoding context (stored with the memory) and the retrieval context (information available at retrieval)

Question 32

Evidence for environmental context
(Godden, & Baddeley, 1975)

Answer 32

Context-dependent memory is robust enough to occur outside of the laboratory.