Week 7 (Memory) Flashcards
What type of memory would you use for riding a bike?
Procedural Memory
What type of memory would you use for knowing what a word means?
Semantic Knowledge
What type of memory would you use to recall the last digit someone read to you?
Working Memory, Short Term memory
What type of memory would you use to remember the last scene of a film you saw?
Working Memory, Short term memory
What type of memory would you use to do 102-25
Short-term memory, Working memory.
What type of memory would you use to recall a persons name.
Short-term memory, Working memory, Long-term memory.
What type of memory would you use to recall the capital of Spain?
Semantic Knowledge
What type of memory would you use to remember what you ate for breakfast yesterday.
Long term-memory
What are the types of Declarative memory?
-Semantic (Facts)
-Episodic (Events)
What are the types of non-declarative memory?
-Procedural skills (e.g. motor, perceptual, cognitive)
-Priming (perceptual, semantic)
-Conditioning
-Non-associative (habituation, sensitisation)
What are the three stages of remembering?
-Encoding
-Storage
-Retrieval
Definition of Encoding
The formation of a mental representation through processes occurring during the ‘to-be remembered” experience.
Definition of Storage
Temporary (or more permanent) mental retention of some aspects of the representation.
Definition of Retrieval
Recovery or extraction of the mental representation from our mental storage system.
What two ideas did recency and primacy effects support.
-Recency effects support idea of a temporary store with a limited capacity.
-Primacy effects support idea of a more permanent store with a much larger capacity.
What did the 50s/60s “modal” model consist of.
Three systems:
-Sensory registers
-Short-term store
-Long-term store
Definition of “working memory” that replaced the short term memory store in the modal model.
A working memory allows humans to comprehend and and mentally represent their immediate environment, to retain information about their immediate past experience, to support the acquisition of new knowledge, to solve problems, and to formulate, relate and act on current goals.
Who created the 1974 working memory model
Baddeley and Hitch
What made up the 1974 working memory (Short term store) model
-The Visuo-spatial sketchpad (stores a small amount of information based on visual and spatial characteristics)
-Central executive (An attentional system to control and co-ordinate mental activities)
-Phonological loop (Stores a small amount of information in a speech based form.)
Findings about phonological loop
-Phonological: sound systems in a loop
-If verbal material is stored/rehearsed phonologically than similar sounding letters should be more difficult to remember.
-Confusion and errors made for words with similar sounding letters.
-Pronunciation time has an influence: words that are longer are more difficult to recall.
What tasks were done to research the visuospatial sketchpad?
Primary tasks:
-Corsi blocks test (spatial)
-Visual patterns test (visual)
Interference tasks:
-Spatial tapping task (spatial)
-Viewing irrelevant pictures (visual)
Findings about visuospatial sketchpad
That visual storage and spatial storage are at least partially stored separately.
Potential functions of the central executive.
Shifting: Shifting back and forth between multiple tasks, operations or mental sets.
Updating: Updating and monitoring of working memory representations.
Inhibition: Inhibit dominant, automatic or prepotent responses.
What does the central executive do overall?
Helps to control and co-ordinate activities, with a range of functions.
Levels of processing (Craig & Lockhart, 1972)
Challenged the multi-store account of memory.
-Capacity: “Chunks” are hard to define, more about the issue of processing capacity?
-Coding: not about “type” of codes but instead, processing demands of the task.
-Retention- more about how it was processed rather than how long ago?
Evidence for levels of processing
“Is the word in capital letters?” Structural processing
“Does the word rhyme with weight?” Phonemic processing
“Is the word a type of fish?” Categorical processing?
“Would the word fit in this sentence?” Sentence processing
Who did a levels of processing experiment in 1975
Craig and Tulving
What were the deepest and shallowest levels in the levels of processing experiment?
Deciding if capital letters is the shallowest level
Sentence task is the deepest level.
Who challenged the level processing framework?
Morris, Bransford and Franks in 1977
What finding challenged the level processing framework
That the effects of depth reversed depending on the final task
What overlap increases the successful retrieval of the target item? (Thompson & Tulving, 1970)
The overlap between the encoding context (stored with the memory) and the retrieval context (information available at retrieval)
Evidence for environmental context
(Godden, & Baddeley, 1975)
Context-dependent memory is robust enough to occur outside of the laboratory.
