Week 7: Lecture

Question 1

why are psychoses more likely in cities?

Answer 1

less social cohesion and social control, discrimination and socio-economic disparities, the city acts as a magnet for ‘at risk’ people, drug use is relatively high in the city, exposure to pollution, less green, much noise, stress sensitisation

Question 2

Self-Medication Hypothesis

Answer 2

suggests that clients use substances as a means to reduce their psychiatric symptoms

Question 3

How can substance use as a form of self medication also ben interpreted ?

Answer 3

middelengebruik als vorm van zelfmedicatie kan echter ook worden geïnterpreteerd als verergerende symptomen: gedragsprincipes kunnen een nuttig perspectief bieden om deze schijnbare tegenstelling te begrijpen → mensen met (vroege tekenen van) de ziekte nemen cannabis om ermee om te gaan
→ just a correlation: genen die vatbaar zijn voor psychose, maken ook vatbaar voor cannabisgebruik. niet perse een oorzaak gevolg reactie

Question 4

GxE Correlation

Answer 4

the association between an individual’s genetic propensities and the environmental niches that individual selects. Het heeft met elkaar te maken.

Question 5

What is the road from genetic effect to behaviour?

Answer 5

amino acids - Proteins –> protein complex –> Cell structure / function –> behaviour

Question 5

De Novo Mutation Hypothesis

Answer 5

predicts that in fathers with inreasing age, mutations rates increase, mutations in vreating new cells, cells that end up in your germline. these can be potentioal error. They can influence the blueprint on negatively or positively

mutations in an individual despite not being seen in parents, an important source of genetic variation: relevant to studies of human evolution, genetics, and disease

Question 6

‘Selection Into Late Fatherhood’ Hypothesis

Answer 6

states that delaying fatherhood (i.e. advanced age of father at the birth of his first child), rather than the biological correlates of advanced paternal age per se, is responsible for the paternal age e ffect

Question 7

paternal age effects

Answer 7

The paternal age effect is the statistical relationship between the father’s age at conception and biological effects on the child. Such effects can relate to birthweight, congenital disorders, life expectancy and psychological outcomes

Question 8

Social Causation Hypothesis

Answer 8

experiencing economic hardship increases risk of mental illness

Social economic status has an influence on mental health

Question 9

Selection/Drift Hypothesis

Answer 9

stelt dat psychische aandoeningen de sociaaleconomische ontwikkeling kunnen belemmeren en ertoe kunnen leiden dat mensen in de lagere sociale klasse terechtkomen of nooit aan armoede ontsnappen (beide ook psychose inbegrepen)

Question 10

Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

Answer 10

describes a set of symptoms with alteration of body image → an alteration of visual perception is found in that way that the sizes of body parts or sizes of external objects are perceived incorrectly, the most common perceptions are at night.

Question 11

What is the difference between AIWS and hallucinosis?

Answer 11

AIWS is characterised by perceptual distortions

Question 12

What are the 3 reasons why AIWS is so important?

Answer 12

1. Biological basis of perception
2. Humbling historical lesson
3. Perhaps not so rare

Question 13

What area in the brain is triggered by hallucinations and real life observations?

Answer 13

Sensory cortex

Question 14

Dysmorphopsia

Answer 14

a condition in which a person is unable to correctly perceive objects

Question 15

Micropsia

Answer 15

condition: visual objects are perceived to be smaller than they are objectively sized

Question 16

Macropsia

Answer 16

condition: visual objects are perceived to be larger than they are objectively sized

Question 17

Plagiopsia

Answer 17

condition: denote a visual distortion in which objects are perceived as inclined

Question 18

How is it possible that to have a distorted sight?

Answer 18

In school we learned that light falls on an object which falls on the retina. and that our brain basically makes the image for is. PRactically true, but it’s a lot more difficult than that. To form an image of the outside world, the visual perceptions tha twe have need to go through some stages like v1, v2, v3 etc. When there’s something wrong in one of those areas, images may be disturbed.
if a tiny bit of our visual representation/perception goes wrong, it can really impair your functioning

Question 19

Inverted vision

Answer 19

it inverts: you can see something upside down

Question 20

Environmental tilt (variant of inverted vision)

Answer 20

the whole environment starts to turn, rotate

Question 21

Visual Allochiria

Answer 21

visual stimuli presented to one side of. the body will be reported as if it was presented on the other side of the body. The stuff you see on the right, will e moved to the opposite side basically.

Question 22

Visual Allachesthesia

Answer 22

een verstoring van de lokalisatie van de stimulus waarbij individuen een bepaalde stimulus ervaren aan de tegenovergestelde kant van de kant van de stimulatie

Question 23

Achromatopsia

Answer 23

rare, bilateral inherited retinal degeneration a ecting all types photoreceptor cells, resulting in: reduced visual acuity, photophobia, hemeralopia, loss of colour discrimination.

v4 Color centre (Louis Verry) : both are turned off so everyhting in black and white

Question 24

Hemiachromatopsia

Answer 24

disorder of impaired colour perception with relative preservation of form vision in one-half of the visual field

One color centre in the brain gets turned off

Question 25

Hyperchromatopsia

Answer 25

type of synesthesia in which sound involuntarily evokes an experience of colour, shape, and movement

Question 26

Selective sparing of colour vision

Answer 26

people are blind, except for colour vision

Question 27

Porropsia

Answer 27

a form of metamorphopsia characterised by the misperception of objects as farther away from the observer than they really are, they appear to be moving all the time

Question 28

trailing phenomenan

Answer 28

People have a hard time to see smooth movements

Question 29

Akinetopsia

Answer 29

to “motion blindness”, which is a higher visual processing disorder from an extra-striate lesion, in which a patient has di culty specifically perceiving objects in motion with variable severity and rarely complete → very rare, not many cases within literature

v5 motion area dysfunction

Question 30

Riddoch’s Phenomenon (Statokinetic Dissociation)

Answer 30

the ability to perceive visual motion consciously in a blind visual field and has been observed in individuals with lesions in the anterior visual pathways or the occipital lobe.

Question 31

Prosopometamorphopsia

Answer 31

a visual disorder characterised by altered perceptions of faces

Question 32

Hemiprosopometamorphopsia

Answer 32

features on one side of the face are distorted while features on the other side of the face look normal (similar to the definition before, but then with half (hemi))

Question 33

Who was John Todd 1955?

Answer 33

He invented the Alice in Wonderland syndrome

Question 34

Who was Hack Tucke and what did he say in 1892?

Answer 34

he didntt understand visual distrotions, so he said that it was a symptom of hysteria, so only woem could experience these distortions.

Question 35

How do we treat AIWS?

Answer 35

always aimed at the underline disorder, because it’s about visual distortions!!