Week 7: Funding and sustainability

Question 1

Spires

Answer 1

(2011) - Organisational Homophily

4 points:

1. US foundations support + government controlled/professionalised NGOs rather than + radical grassroots organisations
2. Organisational Homophily = “a process in which the personal preferences of large, elite-led US funders and institutional pressures from China and the US converge to systematically disadvantage grassroots NGOs”
3. Institutional isomorphism shapes rules of the game in funders’ home countries, which influence their behaviour in China
4. Institutional constraints and natural / personal preferences –> organisational homophily

Question 2

Daly

Answer 2

(2012) - Philanthropy = contested

3 points:

1. Different definitions of philanthropy –> different meanings = ambiguous and time and context = important
2. Continuous competition and multi-dimensionality of philanthropy
3. Characterisation of philanthropy = informed by the value attached to particular actions, behaviour and purpose

Question 3

Khieng and Dahles

Answer 3

(2014) - Cambodia - Foreign aid

4 points:

1. Foreign aid (4 challenges TRUG) vs. Commercial activities (3 advantages MBI 1 challenge M-D)
2. Social mission vs profit-making (and survival)
3. Foreign-dominated process of development
4. Strategies to avoid foreign dependency –> affects sustainability of organisations

Question 4

Saunders and Borland

Answer 4

(2013) - Marketing-driven philanthropy

7 points:

1. Shift of NGO funding: rely - on private and state $, but + on $ involving celebrities
2. = celebrity philanthropy, consumption philanthropy and cause-related marketing
3. Emotionally engaging ideas = + about emotional needs of celebrities and consumers
4. Changing responses of celebrities and consumers –> choose + marketable issues (taste)
5. Goal = quantitative targets, not recipients’ needs
6. 1-size-fits-all isn’t adapted
7. NGOs risk disconnecting funders and recipients

Question 5

Lecture

Answer 5

1. Accountability = the obligations to give account for performance rendered (= upward, downward, horizontal)
2. O’Dwyer and Unerman (2008): Hierarchical (need -) vs holistic (need +) acc
3. Political economy of NGO funding: NGOs depend on external forces and resources = priority (Pfeffer and Salancik)
4. Ways to cope with resource dependence: Adaptation, Avoidance and Shaping
5. Philanthrocapitalism
6. • (2 SI) and - (3 HAU) of philanthropy
7. Ethics and fundraising: “pornography of poverty”

Question 6

Extra

Answer 6

1. Letts et al (1997) - Venture Capital Model
2. The Lancet (2009) - Gates foundation and GH
3. Singer (2013) TED talk - Bill Gates = most effective altruist in History
4. Buffett (2013) “Philanthropic Colonialism” and “Conscience laundering”
5. Muennig (2013): ++ entities providing aid so difficult to know where money is most needed
6. W1: Bano (2008) and Mitlin et al (2007): NGOs = coerced by funders
7. W2: Crotty et al (2014)
8. W3: Laird (2007) neoliberalism funders give more to NGOs
9. W5: Andrews (2014) accountability and ways to avoid