Week 7 - Foodborne pathogens, antibiotics, viruses Flashcards
What is the #1 foodborne pathogen?
Norovirus (60% in U.S)
Name three ways that pathogens get into food.
- Prepared by an infected worker.
- Washed with dirty water.
- Food is left out and has begun to rot.
- Grown in contaminated conditions.
Which virus gives you both respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms?
Adenovirus.
Name three foods at high risk of pathogen transmission.
- Shellfish
- Deli meats/sandwiches
- Salads
- Communal food (e.g. dips)
What are the 5 common viral agents of foodborne pathogens?
Norovirus
Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Sapovirus
What is overtaking enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) in diagnostics?
Multiplex PCR.
Are enteric viruses naked or enveloped?
Naked.
What are the two categories of bacteria that cause bacterial gastroenteritis?
Colonisers and non-colonisers.
Colonisers like Salmonella are invasive, with longer incubation and symptoms. True or false?
True.
What foods is Bacillus Cereus associated with?
Boiled rice.
Define antibiotic.
A substance from one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another.
Give two antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.
Penicillin, vancomycin.
What does penicillin specifically target?
Peptidoglycan synthesis.
What do penicillin-binding proteins conduct?
Transpeptidation.
Does penicillin work on Gram-negative bacteria?
No. Can’t reach the PBPs through outer membrane.
What are two semi-synthetic derivatives of penicillin?
Ampicillin
Carbenicillin
Which semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin has an amine side chain?
Ampicillin.
What do the different side chains of semi-synthetic penicillin derivatives achieve?
They allow penicillin to get through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.
Which class of antibiotics inhibits the function of the small ribosomal subunit?
Aminoglycosides.
What are two common aminoglycosides?
Streptomycin, gentamycin.
What are the 5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?
- reduced permeability
- efflux pumps
- target modification
- antibiotic inactivation via modification
- antibiotic inactivation via cleavage
What processes are usually involved in antibiotic inactivation via modification?
Acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation.
Antibiotic inactivation via cleavage means the use of…
Enzymes.
What is the enzyme involved in resisting penicillin (amongst others)?
Beta-lactamase.
