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Microbiology > Week 7 - Foodborne pathogens, antibiotics, viruses > Flashcards

Week 7 - Foodborne pathogens, antibiotics, viruses Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the #1 foodborne pathogen?

A

Norovirus (60% in U.S)

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2
Q

Name three ways that pathogens get into food.

A
  1. Prepared by an infected worker.
  2. Washed with dirty water.
  3. Food is left out and has begun to rot.
  4. Grown in contaminated conditions.
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3
Q

Which virus gives you both respiratory and gastrointestinal symptoms?

A

Adenovirus.

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4
Q

Name three foods at high risk of pathogen transmission.

A
  1. Shellfish
  2. Deli meats/sandwiches
  3. Salads
  4. Communal food (e.g. dips)
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5
Q

What are the 5 common viral agents of foodborne pathogens?

A

Norovirus
Rotavirus
Adenovirus
Astrovirus
Sapovirus

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6
Q

What is overtaking enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) in diagnostics?

A

Multiplex PCR.

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7
Q

Are enteric viruses naked or enveloped?

A

Naked.

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8
Q

What are the two categories of bacteria that cause bacterial gastroenteritis?

A

Colonisers and non-colonisers.

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9
Q

Colonisers like Salmonella are invasive, with longer incubation and symptoms. True or false?

A

True.

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10
Q

What foods is Bacillus Cereus associated with?

A

Boiled rice.

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11
Q

Define antibiotic.

A

A substance from one microorganism that selectively inhibits the growth of another.

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12
Q

Give two antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.

A

Penicillin, vancomycin.

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13
Q

What does penicillin specifically target?

A

Peptidoglycan synthesis.

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14
Q

What do penicillin-binding proteins conduct?

A

Transpeptidation.

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15
Q

Does penicillin work on Gram-negative bacteria?

A

No. Can’t reach the PBPs through outer membrane.

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16
Q

What are two semi-synthetic derivatives of penicillin?

A

Ampicillin
Carbenicillin

17
Q

Which semi-synthetic derivative of penicillin has an amine side chain?

A

Ampicillin.

18
Q

What do the different side chains of semi-synthetic penicillin derivatives achieve?

A

They allow penicillin to get through the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria.

19
Q

Which class of antibiotics inhibits the function of the small ribosomal subunit?

A

Aminoglycosides.

20
Q

What are two common aminoglycosides?

A

Streptomycin, gentamycin.

21
Q

What are the 5 mechanisms of antibiotic resistance?

A
  1. reduced permeability
  2. efflux pumps
  3. target modification
  4. antibiotic inactivation via modification
  5. antibiotic inactivation via cleavage
22
Q

What processes are usually involved in antibiotic inactivation via modification?

A

Acetylation, adenylation, phosphorylation.

23
Q

Antibiotic inactivation via cleavage means the use of…

A

Enzymes.

24
Q

What is the enzyme involved in resisting penicillin (amongst others)?

A

Beta-lactamase.

25
Q

What are two ways of combating resistance mechanisms?

A
  1. Creating derivatives that combat resistance enzymes.
  2. Using ‘bodyguard’ molecules to protect the antibiotic.
26
Q

What are three economic barriers to antibiotic development?

A
  1. eventual resistance
  2. not chronic = less profitable
  3. Massive regulatory hurdles
27
Q

What’s the approximate size range of viruses?

A

20-350nm.

28
Q

When virions take bits of the host cell membrane, this is termed:

A

Budding.

29
Q

What are the two types of proteins in viral envelopes?

A
  1. Glycoprotein (spike)
  2. Matrix protein (structure)
30
Q

A virus does not survive in the gut. Is it enveloped or naked?

A

Enveloped.

31
Q

Are enveloped or naked viruses more protected from immune responses?

A

Enveloped.

32
Q

A virus can infect even after drying. Is it enveloped or naked?

A

Naked.

33
Q

What are the two types of virion architecture?

A
  1. spherical
  2. helical
34
Q

What do we call it when viral DNA is not integrated but remains ‘latent’?

A

An episome.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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