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Microbiology > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What substance are cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan.

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2
Q

The cell wall is what defines the different shapes of bacteria. True or false?

A

True.

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3
Q

The pentaglycine bridge can be present in the cell wall of gram-positive or -negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive.

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4
Q

Gram-positive cell walls are thin. True or false?

A

False.

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5
Q

Gram-negative cell walls are surrounded by a second membrane. True or false?

A

True.

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6
Q

What group of acids is present in gram-positive cell walls?

A

Teichoic acids.

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7
Q

What coats the outermembrane of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides.

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8
Q

What are the three components of lipopolysaccharides?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core polysaccharide
  3. O-specific polysaccharide
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9
Q

What are two things that capsules protect the cell from?

A
  1. Desiccation
  2. Immune response
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10
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Short, hair-like extensions from the cell.

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11
Q

What are pili?

A

Long, hollow fibres extending from the cell.

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12
Q

What are flagella?

A

Helical fibres that allow movement.

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13
Q

What is the fancy word for directional swimming?

A

Chemotaxis.

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14
Q

What are the two modes for flagella movement?

A

Tumbling or running.

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15
Q

Binary fission is not mitosis because there is no ____ involved in binary fission.

A

Nucleus.

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16
Q

What protein forms the constriction ring in binary fission?

A

FtsZ.

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17
Q

A highly-resilient, dormant bacterial cell type resulting from asymmetric division:

A

Endospore.

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18
Q

Endospores contain di________ acid.

A

Dipicolinic acid.

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19
Q

Categorising and naming organisms is ________y.

A

Taxonomy.

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20
Q

Three reasons we use SSU rRNA for phylogenetics:

A
  1. Many variable regions.
  2. All organisms contain rRNA.
  3. rRNA sequences are very well-catalogued.
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21
Q

What three things do we look at for bacterial species differentiation?

A
  1. Similar phenotypes.
  2. > 95% average nucleotide identity.
  3. > 97% sequence identity in SSU rRNA.
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22
Q

What is the largest bacterial phylum?

A

Proteobacteria.

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23
Q

As we sequence more genomes, the ___-genome increases but the ____-genome stays the same.

A

As we sequence more genomes, the pan-genome increases but the core-genome stays the same.

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24
Q

What is a coalescent?

A

Phylogenetic tree that looks within a species.

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25
Q

What are the two main mechanisms for creating genetic diversity?

A
  1. Replication/repair errors.
  2. Mutagenic agents.
26
Q

The transfer of genetic material between microorganisms is…

A

Horizontal gene transfer.

27
Q

Transformation is horizontal gene transfer via:

A

Naked DNA.

28
Q

Transduction is horizontal gene transfer via:

A

Bacteriophage.

29
Q

Conjugation is horizontal gene transfer via:

A

Plasmid.

30
Q

Plasmids that can be transferred to many different hosts are called:

A

Broad host range plasmids.

31
Q

The transferral of bacteriophage virulence genes to bacteria is termed…

A

Generalised transduction.

32
Q

What defines a pseudogene?

A

Appearance via mutation of a stop codon.

33
Q

____bolism uses energy and materials to build molecules.

A

Anabolism.

34
Q

_____bolism creates energy and materials from nutrients.

A

Catabolism.

35
Q

An organism that uses only organic chemical compounds is…

A

Chemoorganotrophic.

36
Q

An organism that needs oxygen but can only tolerate small levels is called a:

A

Microaerophile.

37
Q

Does oxygenic photosynthesis use water as its electron donor?

A

Yes.

38
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses what as its electron donor?

A

Hydrogen sulphide or sulphur.

39
Q

What form of photosynthesis is better suited to low light levels?

A

Anoxygenic photosynthesis.

40
Q

Organisms that use light for energy but cannot rely solely on CO2 for carbon are called:

A

Photoheterotrophs.

41
Q

Microbial ecology methods that require cultivation are termed:

A

Culture dependent methods.

42
Q

What are culture-independent methods, generally?

A

‘Omics’. Methods like assays, microsensors, etc.

43
Q

The total number of species in a community is…

A

Species richness.

44
Q

The proportion of species in a community is…

A

Species abundance.1

45
Q

Soil is 1% microorganisms. True or false?

A

False. 5%.

46
Q

What is the rhizosphere?

A

The soil environment around plant roots.

47
Q

One unit of soil habitat is called…

A

A soil aggregate.

48
Q

Organisms that grow quickly with high nutrients are called…

A

Copiotrophs.

49
Q

Organisms that prefer slow growth with low nutrients (thus hard to culture) are called…

A

Oligotrophs.

50
Q

What does Comammox mean?

A

Complete ammonia oxidation

51
Q

Obligatory beneficial relationships between organisms are termed:

A

Mutualism.

52
Q

Non-obligatory beneficial relationships between organisms are termed:

A

Cooperation.

53
Q

Interactions that benefit one organism but don’t affect the other are:

A

Commensalism.

54
Q

Interactions that are neutral for one organism while unintentionally harming the other are:

A

Amensalism.

55
Q

What is distinct about the Archaeal membrane?

A

The ether G-1-p linkage.

56
Q

Do Archaea have organelles?

A

No.

57
Q

Do Archaea have bacterial-like metabolism?

A

Yes.

58
Q

Do Archaea have eucaryotic-like gene expression?

A

Yes.

59
Q

Out of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which can undergo methanogenesis?

A

Only archaea.

60
Q

Out of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which include pathogens?

A

Bacteria and eukaryotes.

61
Q

What one word describes archaeal environments?

A

Extreme.

62
Q

Where are haloarchaea found?

A

Salt lakes.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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