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Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What substance are cell walls made of?

A

Peptidoglycan.

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2
Q

The cell wall is what defines the different shapes of bacteria. True or false?

A

True.

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3
Q

The pentaglycine bridge can be present in the cell wall of gram-positive or -negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive.

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4
Q

Gram-positive cell walls are thin. True or false?

A

False.

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5
Q

Gram-negative cell walls are surrounded by a second membrane. True or false?

A

True.

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6
Q

What group of acids is present in gram-positive cell walls?

A

Teichoic acids.

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7
Q

What coats the outermembrane of gram-negative bacteria?

A

Lipopolysaccharides.

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8
Q

What are the three components of lipopolysaccharides?

A
  1. Lipid A
  2. Core polysaccharide
  3. O-specific polysaccharide
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9
Q

What are two things that capsules protect the cell from?

A
  1. Desiccation
  2. Immune response
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10
Q

What are fimbriae?

A

Short, hair-like extensions from the cell.

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11
Q

What are pili?

A

Long, hollow fibres extending from the cell.

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12
Q

What are flagella?

A

Helical fibres that allow movement.

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13
Q

What is the fancy word for directional swimming?

A

Chemotaxis.

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14
Q

What are the two modes for flagella movement?

A

Tumbling or running.

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15
Q

Binary fission is not mitosis because there is no ____ involved in binary fission.

A

Nucleus.

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16
Q

What protein forms the constriction ring in binary fission?

A

FtsZ.

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17
Q

A highly-resilient, dormant bacterial cell type resulting from asymmetric division:

A

Endospore.

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18
Q

Endospores contain di________ acid.

A

Dipicolinic acid.

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19
Q

Categorising and naming organisms is ________y.

A

Taxonomy.

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20
Q

Three reasons we use SSU rRNA for phylogenetics:

A
  1. Many variable regions.
  2. All organisms contain rRNA.
  3. rRNA sequences are very well-catalogued.
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21
Q

What three things do we look at for bacterial species differentiation?

A
  1. Similar phenotypes.
  2. > 95% average nucleotide identity.
  3. > 97% sequence identity in SSU rRNA.
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22
Q

What is the largest bacterial phylum?

A

Proteobacteria.

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23
Q

As we sequence more genomes, the ___-genome increases but the ____-genome stays the same.

A

As we sequence more genomes, the pan-genome increases but the core-genome stays the same.

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24
Q

What is a coalescent?

A

Phylogenetic tree that looks within a species.

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25
What are the two main mechanisms for creating genetic diversity?
1. Replication/repair errors. 2. Mutagenic agents.
26
The transfer of genetic material between microorganisms is...
Horizontal gene transfer.
27
Transformation is horizontal gene transfer via:
Naked DNA.
28
Transduction is horizontal gene transfer via:
Bacteriophage.
29
Conjugation is horizontal gene transfer via:
Plasmid.
30
Plasmids that can be transferred to many different hosts are called:
Broad host range plasmids.
31
The transferral of bacteriophage virulence genes to bacteria is termed...
Generalised transduction.
32
What defines a pseudogene?
Appearance via mutation of a stop codon.
33
____bolism uses energy and materials to build molecules.
Anabolism.
34
_____bolism creates energy and materials from nutrients.
Catabolism.
35
An organism that uses only organic chemical compounds is...
Chemoorganotrophic.
36
An organism that needs oxygen but can only tolerate small levels is called a:
Microaerophile.
37
Does oxygenic photosynthesis use water as its electron donor?
Yes.
38
Anoxygenic photosynthesis uses what as its electron donor?
Hydrogen sulphide or sulphur.
39
What form of photosynthesis is better suited to low light levels?
Anoxygenic photosynthesis.
40
Organisms that use light for energy but cannot rely solely on CO2 for carbon are called:
Photoheterotrophs.
41
Microbial ecology methods that require cultivation are termed:
Culture dependent methods.
42
What are culture-independent methods, generally?
'Omics'. Methods like assays, microsensors, etc.
43
The total number of species in a community is...
Species richness.
44
The proportion of species in a community is...
Species abundance.1
45
Soil is 1% microorganisms. True or false?
False. 5%.
46
What is the rhizosphere?
The soil environment around plant roots.
47
One unit of soil habitat is called...
A soil aggregate.
48
Organisms that grow quickly with high nutrients are called...
Copiotrophs.
49
Organisms that prefer slow growth with low nutrients (thus hard to culture) are called...
Oligotrophs.
50
What does Comammox mean?
Complete ammonia oxidation
51
Obligatory beneficial relationships between organisms are termed:
Mutualism.
52
Non-obligatory beneficial relationships between organisms are termed:
Cooperation.
53
Interactions that benefit one organism but don't affect the other are:
Commensalism.
54
Interactions that are neutral for one organism while unintentionally harming the other are:
Amensalism.
55
What is distinct about the Archaeal membrane?
The ether G-1-p linkage.
56
Do Archaea have organelles?
No.
57
Do Archaea have bacterial-like metabolism?
Yes.
58
Do Archaea have eucaryotic-like gene expression?
Yes.
59
Out of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which can undergo methanogenesis?
Only archaea.
60
Out of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, which include pathogens?
Bacteria and eukaryotes.
61
What one word describes archaeal environments?
Extreme.
62
Where are haloarchaea found?
Salt lakes.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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