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BCH 369 > Week 7: Digestion, Energy, And Glycolysis > Flashcards

Week 7: Digestion, Energy, And Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion definition

A

The set of biochemical reactions that convert food (macronutrients) into bio synthetic building blocks or biologically useful energy

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2
Q

Where does digestion begin

A

In the mouth

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3
Q

Mouth
Mechanically mixed?

A

Teeth

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4
Q

Mouth
Chemically mixed?

A

Saliva

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5
Q

The enzyme that cleaves the olgipeptides

A

Pepsin

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6
Q

What happens to oligopeptides in low pH

A

Low pH denatures proteins making them easier to hydrolyze

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7
Q

What does bile do

A

Helps get lipids in solution where they can more easily be digested

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8
Q

What is proteases linked to

A

Proteins

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9
Q

What is Lipases linked to

A

Lipids

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10
Q

What is released from the small intestine when low pH is sensed (food bolus)

A

Secretin

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11
Q

What increases the pH of the homogenate

A

NaHCO3

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12
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Pepsinogen

A

Pepsin
Site of synthesis is stomach

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13
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Chymotrypsinogen

A

Active enzyme Chymotrypsin
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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14
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Trypsinogen

A

Active enzyme is Trypsin
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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15
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Procarboxypeptidase

A

Active enzyme is Carboxypeptidase
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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16
Q

Pre-enzyme Zymogen Proelastase

A

Active enzyme is Elastase
Site of synthesis is Pancreas

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17
Q

What happens during process of Pepsinogen to Pepsin

A

Hangs out in zymogen form until food arrives, decreasing pH which converts from inactive to active

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18
Q

What happens during process of Trypsinogen to Trypsin

A

Trypsinogen has intrinsic proteolytic activity, will spontaneously convert to trypsin. Trypsin then acts on other Trypsinogen molecules in turn

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19
Q

Why are enzymes not just synthesized in their active forms?

A

They could chew up proteins in the pancreas

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20
Q

Digestion of lipids

A

Starts with bile - solubilize the lipids

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21
Q

What does bile salts act like

A

A detergent to help homogenize and disperse fats

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22
Q

What form are most lipids in

A

Triacylglycerol
Form fat droplets
Bile salts disperse the lipids that that lipases can get to them

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23
Q

What does a high fiber diet do

A

Lower cholesterol

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24
Q

What is energy metabolism

A

Catabolism (break down)
Think of a cannibal

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25
Q

Stages in Metabolism

A

Stage 1: Digestion - breaking down large molecules
Stage 2: Forming Acetyl CoA
Stage 3: Convert molecules to energy

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26
Q

Energy is required to meet 3 fundamental needs
What are they

A

Power muscle contraction
Active transport of molecules
Biosynthesis

27
Q
  1. Metabolic Pathways
A

Control flow of energy and matter series of enzymatically chemical reactions

28
Q
  1. ATP is the energy currency of life
A

Controlled way to move energy around
Ex. Na+/K+ pump coupled with ATP hydrolysis

29
Q
  1. ATP can be formed by the oxidation of carbon fuels
A

ADP + Pi double arrows ATP

30
Q
  1. Limited number of reaction types that involve particular intermediates (pyruvate) are common to all metabolic pathways
A

Redox, Condensation, Hydrolysis, Addition/Elimination, Isomerization

31
Q
  1. Metabolic pathways are highly regulated
A

By enzymes [s], [enzymes] type of enzyme allosteric effects/effectors

32
Q
  1. Enzymes involved are organized into large complexes
A

Subunits, G-Coupled Receptors

33
Q

Catabolic

A

Spontaneous
Combust carbon fuels to synthesize ATP or ion gradients

34
Q

Anabolic

A

Non-Spontaneous
Use ATP and reducing power to synthesize large biomolecules

35
Q

How can thermodynamically unfavorable reactions occur

A

They can be coupled and driven by a favorable reaction

36
Q

4 Types of ATP high phosphoryl-transfer potential

A
  1. Charge Repulsion-many negative charges close to each other
  2. Resonance Stabilization - Pi has more resonance
  3. Increase in Entropy (multiple molecules made)
  4. Stabilization by hydration - Pi as well
37
Q

Exercise

A

ATP can only power muscles for less than a second
Creative phosphate can regenerate ATP
Then, ATP must be generated by metabolic pathways
Substrate-Level-Phosphorylation

38
Q

3 activated carriers

A

Carriers are kinetically stable in teh absence of specific catalysts (high activation energy)
The metabolism of activated groups is accomplished with a small number of carriers
Activated carriers exemplify the modular design and economy of metabolism

39
Q

NAD/P
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate

A

Can be derived from diet or body can synthesize from tryptophan

40
Q

NAD+/NaDH

A

Catabolic

41
Q

NADP+/NADPH

A

Anabolic

42
Q

FAD
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide

A

Derivative of Riboflavin
Becomes FADH2
Cosubstrate

43
Q

CoA or HSCoA to Coenzyme A

A

Carrier of Acyl groups
Acetyl CoA has a high Acetyl group transfer potential
Transfer of acyl group is exergonic bc thioester is unstable

44
Q

Big Idea of Glycolysis

A

Glucose to Pyruvate

45
Q

Energy Investment

A

1st Phase
Step 1-5

46
Q

Energy Generation Phase

A

Phase 2
Step 6-10

47
Q

Step 1-Hexokinase

A

Glut transporter does not recognize G-GP3 once glucose is converted it can no longer leave the cell

48
Q

Step 2 - Phosphoglucose Isomerase

A

Aldehyde to Ketone
Sets mlc up to be cleaved in 2
Rings opening of these sugars happens normally

49
Q

Step 3 - Phosphotructo Kinase

A

Big Negative DeltaG
Major regulatory enzyme for glycolysis
Allosteric
ATP coupled

50
Q

Step 4 - Aldolase

A

Cleaves 6-C sugar into 2
Reversible Reaction
Driven either way based on cellular conditions

51
Q

Step 5 - Triose Phosphate Isomerasae

A

This run pushed forward by the disappearance of GAP is consumed in the next step

52
Q

Step 6 - GAP dehydrogenase Reaction

A

Redox reaction
Oxidize GAP to 1,3 - BPG
Energy gained from oxidation will be used to add a phosphate from solution onto 3C molecule
2 step process that is not energetically favorable

53
Q

Step 7 - Phosphoglycerate Kinase

A

Substrate Level phosphorylation
Energy of oxidation of carbon atom is used to form ATP
1,3-BPG has greater phosphory transfer potential than ADP, Thusm it can be coupled to power the synthesis of ATP

54
Q

Step 8,9,10
Phosphoglycerate Mutase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase

A
  1. PO4 from 3C to 2C
  2. Elimination (Dehydration)
  3. High Phos. Transfer potential compound
    ADP + H+ to ATP
55
Q

Net Reaction of Glycolysis

A

Glucose + 2Pi + 2ADP + 2NAD+ to
2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH +2H+ + 2H20

56
Q

Reactions of Glycolysis

A
  1. Hexokinase
  2. Phosphoglucose Isomerase
  3. Phosphofructokinase
  4. Aldolase
  5. Triose Phosphate Isomerase
  6. Glyceraldehye 3-Phosphate dehydrogenase
  7. Phosphoglycerate Kinase
  8. Phosphoglycerate Mutase
  9. Enolase
  10. Pyruvate Kinase

H
PI
PF
A
TPI
G3PD
PGK
PGM
E
PK

57
Q

Anaerobic

A

Without Oxygen
Yeast and certain bacteria pyruvate is used to produce ethanol
In animals pyruvate is transformed into lactate

58
Q

Aerobic

A

O2 is present
Pyruvate is broken down into Acetyl CoA and further Oxidation
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
Oxidative Phosphorylation

59
Q

What can occur without oxygen

A

Glycolysis
ETC and OX. Phos cannont
Those two would normally regernate NAD+ but without 02 present the cell turns anaerobic fermentation

60
Q

Lactic Acid Fermentation

A

Happens in you, when muscles are lacking in energy
Oxidative ATP generation takes longer, so body defaults to this for quick ATP generation

61
Q

Ultimate E donor in LAF

A

G3P

62
Q

Ult e acceptor, lactic acid

A

Pyruvate turns into lactic acid

63
Q

Ult e acceptor, alcohol

A

Acetaldehyde turns into ethanol

64
Q

What does excessive fructose lead to

A

Obesity
Fatty Liver
Type 2 Diabetes

BCH 369 (10 decks)

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