Exam 2 Flashcards
What are monosaccharides
Carbonyl with 2 or more OH groups
At least 3 carbons
Enantiomers
Nonsuperimposable mirror images
Have opposite chirality at every chiral center
Diastereomers
Flipping any number less than all of the stereocenters produces a diastereomer
Epimers
Special Diastereomers only one stereocenter differs
Anomers
Diastereomers that differ at the anomeric carbon
Glycogen
predominate in aminals
form alpha 1,4 linkages with alpha 1,6 branches
starch
predominate in plants
composed of amylose and amylopectin
Cellulose
Structural component in plants
monomers of glucose linked beta 1,4 linkages
Simplified Lipid Nomenclature
Chain length: # of double bonds( delta^positions of double bonds)
Omega Lipid Nomenclature
Relative position of double bond to omega carbon
Numbering originates at methyl end
Saturated Fatty Acids
No double bonds
Unsaturated Fatty Acids
Double bonds
Structure and function of triacylglycerols
Structure: Glycerol backbone, 3 esterified fatty acid chains
Function: Insulation, energy storage
Structure and Function of waxes
Structure: Long chain alcohol esterfied to long chain fatty acids
Function: Energy storage and water repellant
Phospholipids
Components: Fatty acids, Backbone, Phosphate, alcohol head group
Sphingolipids
Components: Sphingosine backbone, Fatty acid, Polar head group
Steroids
Components: 4 rings of carbon
Simple Diffusion
Nonpolar compounds only
Down concentration gradient
Facilitated Diffusion
down electrochemical gradient
Primary Active Transport
Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ATP
Secondary Active Transport
Against Electrochemical gradient, driven by ion moving down concentration gradient
Ion Channel
Down electrochemical gradient
May be gated by a ligand or ion
Ionophore-mediated transport
Down electrochemical gradient
Uniport
One molecule
Symport
Same Direction
Antiport
Opposite Direction
Primary Active Transport
ATP Hydrolysis
Secondary Active Transport
Diffusion Gradient
4 steps of G-Protein Coupled Receptors
- 7tm Receptors bind lingand
- Exchange of GDP for GTP activates G-Protein
- Effector enzyme produces secondary messenger
- Downstream targets activated/inhibited
G Proteins
3 Subunits: alpha, beta, gamma
GTP bound state activates effector enzymes-inactive with GDP bound
Intrinsic GTPase activity
Two classes and steps of Tyrosine Kinases
Classes: Intrinsic Kinase Activity, Recruitment of kinases
Steps: Dimerization, Cross-Phosphorylation
Zymogens
Inactive forms of an enzyme
Typical of gastric and pancreatic enzymes
Proteins how its broken down and released
Broken down by proteolytic enzymes
Released into the blood
Carbs how its broken down and released
Broken down into monomers
Uptook by GLUT Transporters
Lipids
Mostly insoluble-must be solubilized
Bile salts-emulsify fats
Catabolic
Breakdown, Synthesize ATP energy
Anabolic
Synthesize large biomolecules
Breakdown ATP
Factors influencing ATP hydrolysis
3 things
Repulsion of charge
Resonance stabilization
Increase in entropy
Activated Carriers of Acyl Group
4
ATP: 3 Phosphate, 3 Rings
CoA: 2 Phosphate, 3 Rings
FAD: 2 Phosphate, 6 Rings
NAD+: 2 Phosphate, 5 Rings
What is the main goal of fermentation (Anaerobic Pathways)s
Main goal of regeneration NAD+
PFK livers Effectors
- ATP, Citrate
+ AMP, F-2,6-BP
Pyruvate Kinase Regulation
Hormonal control in liver
and effectors
Hormonal Control
+ Insulin
- Glucagon
Effectors
+ F 1,6-BP
- Alanine
Effectors of Gluconeogenesis
+ Acetyl Coa, Citrate
- ADP, F-2,6-BP, AMP
PFK-2 what does it do
Increase F26BP
Stimulate Glycolysis
F26BPase what does it do
Decrease F26BP
Stimulates gluconeogenesis
E1
TPP
E2
Lipoamide and CoA
E3
FAD + NAD+
Regulation of PDH
Covalent Modification
Phosphorylation of E1
Allosteric Regulation of PDH
+ ADP, Pyruvat
- NADH, Acetyl CoA, ATP
