Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > Week 7: Diagnostic Studies, Clinical Prediction, Qualitative Research, Synthesis Research > Flashcards

Week 7: Diagnostic Studies, Clinical Prediction, Qualitative Research, Synthesis Research Flashcards

1
Q

What type of research is Diagnostic Studies?

A

Exploratory and Descriptive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diagnostic studies test a “special test” against a…

A

gold standard to assess its validity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Diagnostic tests have three potential purposes:

A
  1. focuses the examination
  2. identify problems that require physician referral
  3. assist in classification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Index test =

A

diagnostic test being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Gold standard =

A

an accurate indication of the patient’s true status

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

EBP Perspective

A
  • all about probabilities and limiting uncertainty
  • Pretest probability –> test –> posttest probability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pretest probability =

A

baseline probability of a certain condition before any testing takes place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

posttest probability =

A

the revised likelihood of the diagnosis based on the outcome of the test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

test threshold

A

“The probability below which a diagnostic test will not be ordered or performed because the possibility of the diagnosis is so remote”
yellow section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

treatment threshold

A

“the probability above which a diagnostic test will not be ordered or performed because the possibility of the diagnosis is so great that immediate treatment is indicated.”
green section

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensitivity

A

proportion of people WITH the disease who have a positive test result
True Positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Specificity

A

Proportion of people WITHOUT the disease who have a negative test result
True Negatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

True positive is

A

positive clinical test, condition present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

False negative is

A

negative clinical test, condition present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

False positive is

A

positive clinical test, condition absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

True negative is

A

negative clinical test, condition absent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

100% sensitivity

A
  • detects all the TRUE POSITIVES
  • helpful for “ruling out” the condition (when negative test)
  • good screening tests are highly sensitive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

100% specificity

A
  • detects all of the TRUE NEGATIVES
  • helpful for “ruling in” the condition (when positive test)
  • more important for diagnostic special tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

SpPin

A
  • a test with HIGH specificity
  • that is positive
  • helps rule a condition IN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

SnNout

A
  • a test with HIGH sensitivity
  • that is negative
  • helps rule a condition OUT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Likelihood Ratios (LRs)

A

sensitivity information combined with specificity information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

if diagnostic test is positive:

A

use +LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

if diagnostic test is negative:

A

use -LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

with +LR, you want probability of false positives to be

A

to be LOW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

with -LR, you want probability of true negatives to be

A

to be HIGH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Clinical Prediction Rules can be for

A

diagnosis, screening, factors that predict response to treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Diagnosis is for

A

rule in, specificity, +LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Screening is for

A

rule out, sensitivity, -LR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Validating CPRs Steps

A

deriving the model, validation of the rule, impact analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

deriving the model

A
  • look for factors that contribute to diagnosis
  • Sn and Sp: good for ruling dx in or out?
    - OARs: Sn = 95%; Sp = 50% (better for ruling out)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

validation of the rule

A
  • confirm accuracy on different samples
  • narrow vs broad
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

impact analysis

A
  • has a CPR been adopted, and has it improved diagnosis?
    - OARs have significantly reduced number of X-rays
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Issues with CPRs

A

greater sample size, the more power there is in the study

34
Q

CPRs can help predict…

A

the presence of a diagnosis, a patient’s prognosis, and/or treatment response

35
Q

Most CPRs have NOT held up to

A

validation

36
Q

What type of research is Qualitative Research?

A

Descriptive and exploratory

37
Q

Qualitative Research qualities

A
  • understanding
  • discovering frameworks
  • interview/observation
  • textual (words)
  • theory generating
  • quality of informant > sample size
  • subjective
  • model of analysis: fidelity to text or words of interviewees
38
Q

Quantitative Research qualities

A
  • prediction
  • existing frameworks
  • survey/questionnaires
  • numerical
  • theory testing
  • sample size corer issue in reliability of data
  • objective
  • model of analysis: parametric, non-parametric
39
Q

example of qualitative

A

“it’s really hard for me to explain how I am feeling…”

40
Q

example of quantitative

A

“How difficult would you say that is, on a scale from 1-10?”

41
Q

Qualitative Research

A
  • based on the belief that all interactions are inherently social phenomena
  • considered an inductive process
  • in natural setting
42
Q

purposes and uses of qualitative research

A
  1. generating theories that can be tested by further research
  2. developing theory to explain observed phenomena
  3. investigating complex phenomena
43
Q

Qualitative Research question

A
  • PICO questions do not apply
  • no specific hypothesis based on the research question
44
Q

3 main types of Qualitative Research

A
  • ethnography
  • grounded theroy
  • phenomenology
45
Q

Ethnography

A

“who lives it”
describes cultural characteristics and behaviors in a specific group
-investigators immerse themselves in the settings and activities

46
Q

Grounded theory

A
  • individual responses contribute to understanding theoretical relationships that can explain behavior
    - “constant comparison”
47
Q

Phenomenology

A

seeks to explain how events and circumstances influences perspectives and behaviors

48
Q

Methods of Qualitative Data Collection: Qualitative only

A
  • observation
  • interviews
  • written documents
49
Q

Methods of Qualitative Data Collection: mixed methods

A
  • convergent
  • sequential
  • embedded
  • multiphase
50
Q

Sampling in Qualitative Research

A

non-probability sampling
sample size: may be large or small
- till saturation
**no set # of people

51
Q

non-probability sampling types

A

convenience, purposive, snowball

52
Q

sample size in qualitative research may be

A

larger or small
- till saturation so there is no set # of people required for a study

53
Q

Credibility of Qualitative Studies

A
  • are the results believable? can we have confidence in the results?
  • like “validity” in quantitative research
54
Q

Transferability of qualitative studies

A
  • can the results be applied to people in similar circumstances?
  • like “generalizability” in quantitative research
55
Q

Dependability of qualitative studies

A
  • how stable are the data over time?
  • like “reliability” in quantitative research
56
Q

Confirmability of qualitative studies

A
  • are the findings due to the beliefs and experiences of the participants or is it bias?
57
Q

Triangulation

A

more than one source

58
Q

member checking

A

confirm interpretation with others, including participants and colleagues

59
Q

negative case analysis

A

explain conflicts that emerge from preliminary data

60
Q

thick description

A

of narrative data; improves ability to make comparisons (voices, feelings, actions…adds context)

61
Q

purposive sampling

A

choosing participants who can be good informants

62
Q

audit trail

A

documenting decisions so another researcher can confirm findings

63
Q

reflexivity

A

examining how the researcher’s beliefs may influence interpretation of data; mitigated by including multiple researchers

64
Q

qualitative methods + quantitative methods =

A

“mixed methods”

65
Q

Three types of literature reviews

A

scoping review, systematic review, meta-analysis

66
Q

scoping review

A
  • selective review of the literature that is less systematic.
  • exploratory assessments of available literature on a broad topic
67
Q

systematic review

A
  • utilizes exacting search strategies to make certain that the maximum extent of relevant research has been considered
  • original articles are methodologically appraised and synthesized
68
Q

meta-analysis

A
  • quantitatively combines the results of studies that are the result of a systematic literature review
  • capable of performing a statistical analysis of the pooled results of relevant studies
69
Q

scoping reviews can answer…

A

background questions
- do not critically appraise articles for methodological quality
- PICO questions are too specific

70
Q

What are systematic reviews?

A

they search, appraise, and summarize the existing info on a topic

71
Q

Sources of bias in selection in Systematic Review

A
  • publication bias
  • access clinical trials registries
  • access the “grey literature”
    - conferences, abstracts, websites, dissertations
72
Q

selection bias

A
  • random assignment
  • allocation concealment
73
Q

performance bias

A

blinding of patients and investigators

74
Q

detection bias

A

blinding of assessors

75
Q

attrition bias

A

incomplete outcome data

76
Q

reporting bias

A

selective reporting

77
Q

PRISMA

A

preferred reporting items for systtematic reviews and meta analyses

78
Q

Meta-analysis does what

A

uses math and numbers to extract and combine data to produce a summary result

79
Q

Point estimate

A

a single value that represents the best estimate of the population value

80
Q

confidence interval

A

a range of values that we are confident contains the population value

81
Q

if the confidence interval includes 0 it means it is NOT

A

statistically significant

Research Methods (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions