Week 6: Quasi, N-of-1, Other Designs

Question 1

Quasi-experimental designs lack what

Answer 1

Random assignment, control group, or both

Question 2

Time Series Design types

Answer 2

one-group pretest-posttest design
Repeated measures design
interrupted time series design

Question 3

Single group designs have what as the independent variable

Answer 3

time

Question 4

One-Group Pretest-posttest design

Answer 4

-all subjects have the same treatment
- no control group (limits in internal and external validity)
- IV is time
- IV has 2 levels

Question 5

A One-Group Pretest-posttest design is defendable when

Answer 5

• the behavior of a control group has been documented
• ethical implications of withholding treatments
• time interval is very short

Question 6

True experiments (RCTs) CAN have a pretest and a posttest BUT when change score are analyzed…

Answer 6

it removes time as an IV

Question 7

Repeated Measures design is NOT a …

Answer 7

“true experiment”

Question 8

Repeated Measures design has NO…

Answer 8

comparison (control) group

Question 9

Interrupted Time Series Design (ITS)

Answer 9

• multiple DV measures
• interrupted by 1+ treatment occasions
• treatment does not vary
• IV is time
• no control group

Question 10

Multiple measures within an ITS =

Answer 10

sudo-control

Question 11

nonequivalent =

Answer 11

not formed by randomization

Question 12

types of Nonequivalent Group Designs

Answer 12

• nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design
• historical controls
• nonequivalent posttest-only control group design

Question 13

Pretest-posttest design

Answer 13

• no random assignment
• intact groups
• subject preferences
  (some control over threats to internal validity)

Question 14

Historical Controls include

Answer 14

• received a different treatment during an earlier time period
• imbalance in characteristics of the groups
• hard to use information from other studies cause you can’t control the past study

Question 15

Nonequivalent Posttest-only control group design

Answer 15

• no random assignment
• no pretest
• exploratory purposes NOT explanatory

Question 16

Which design type has the most threats to validity

Answer 16

Nonequivalent posttest-only control group design

Question 17

Downsides of Group Experimental Research

Answer 17

• require control groups and large numbers of subjects
• very time intensive
• too few measurements
• treatments are standardized
• usually not feasible for clinicians
• “averaging” results and losing individual variation

Question 18

Single-Subject Design Studies

Answer 18

individual patients
within-subject design

Question 19

Length of Phases

Answer 19

important to extend phase until stability is reached

Question 20

Target behavior

Answer 20

needs to be quantitative

Question 21

Single-subject A B Design

Answer 21

baseline phase f/b treatment introduction
a: baseline
b: treatment

Question 22

Limitations of the A B Design

Answer 22

• no control comparison
• impossible to conclude causality
• strengthen by replication

Question 23

Single-subject “B C” Design

Answer 23

B: control intervention
C: experimental intervention

Question 24

A-B-A-B design is

Answer 24

control, intervention, control, intervention

Question 25

Multiple baseline across subjects

Answer 25

same intervention is introduced to 3+ patients after varying baseline phases

Question 26

Multiple baseline across settings

Answer 26

one individual monitored in multiple settings with same intervention

Question 27

Multiple baseline across behaviors

Answer 27

one treatment; multiple clinically-related behaviors

Question 28

N-of-1 is what type of research

Answer 28

experimental research

Question 29

observational studies are a type of _________ research

Answer 29

exploratory

Question 30

types of longitudinal studies

Answer 30

prospective and retrospective

Question 31

prospective =

Answer 31

exposed/unexposed ID beforehand

Question 32

Retrospective =

Answer 32

outcome is known, researchers look for exposure in records

Question 33

cross-sectional studies

Answer 33

“snapshot”
tends to take less time and less money

Question 34

Risk in PT can be expressed in terms of:

Answer 34

experiencing an adverse outcome
patients not improving with treatment
requiring more invasive or expensive interventions in spite of treatment

Question 35

Factors to Consider for Causality

Answer 35

1. time sequence
2. strength of the association
3. biological credibility
4. consistency
5. dose-response relationship

Question 36

How are cohort study participants grouped together

Answer 36

exposure

Question 37

Challenges for cohort studies

Answer 37

• time
• bias and attrition
• misclassification of exposure
• outcome may not occur in sufficient numbers for robust statistical analysis

Question 38

Case-control studies

Answer 38

• participants are grouped by outcome
• cases vs controls

Question 39

Challenges for case-control studies

Answer 39

• no randomization
• collecting data from medical records
• observation bias
• recall bias

Question 40

Descriptive Research types

Answer 40

developmental research
normative research
descriptive surveys
case reports
historical research

Question 41

Developmental Research

Answer 41

• document the natural history of the phenomenon of interest
• longitudinal
• cross-sectional

Question 42

Descriptive Research

Answer 42

• does not aim to establish causation or differentiate between IV and DV
• case studies and descriptive surveys are most common