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Research Methods > Midterm > Flashcards

Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is research?

A

systematic inquiry

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2
Q

what are the 2 types of research?

A

Basic and Applied (clinical)

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3
Q

Types of Applied Research

A

explanatory, exploratory, descriptive

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4
Q

What is qualitative research?

A

natural phenomena

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5
Q

What is quantitative research?

A

controlled, measured at beginning and end

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6
Q

Efficacy

A

ideal conditions
controlled
CaC

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7
Q

Effectiveness

A

real-world scenarios

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8
Q

What does each part of PICO stand for?

A

P- patient
I- intervention/exposure (IV)
C- comparison (DV)
O- outcome

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9
Q

what are concepts?

A

operationally defined, measured (weight)

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10
Q

What are constructs?

A

abstract concepts

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11
Q

what are propositions?

A

linkages

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12
Q

Difference between deductive and inductive reasoning

A

Deductive reasoning is going from broad to specific
Inductive reasoning is going from specific to broad

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13
Q

“Ways of Knowing” triangle from big to small

A

scientific evidence
ded. <–> ind. reasoning
experience
authority
tradition

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14
Q

3 pillars of Evidence Based Practice

A

best available research evidence
patient values and preferences
clinical experience

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15
Q

Hierarchy of Evidence order (best to worst)

A

SR/MA RCTs
RCTs
SR cohort
cohort
SR case-control
case-control
case study
clinical experience

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16
Q

The Process of EBP (5As)

A

Ask, Acquire, Appraise, Apply, Assess

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17
Q

Research differs from clinical practice in what 3 ways

A

intents, innovative, plan

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18
Q

What are the 3 guiding ethical principles of research

A

respect for persons
benefidence
justice

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19
Q

Who are the vulnerable people within research?

A

children, prisoners, pregnant women, disability

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20
Q

Types of “harm” in research

A

physical, economic, and social

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21
Q

What are the ‘rules’ for the IRB

A

at least 5 members
different genders
not from 1 group
1 nonscience member
1 “public” member

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22
Q

name 2 examples of nominal and why it is

A

blood type, color, gender, religion
no order or rank

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23
Q

name 2 examples of ordinal and why it is

A

degree earned, pain, MMT
has order/rank but no equal groups

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24
Q

name 2 examples of interval and why it is

A

calendar, time, SAT/ACT, temperature
has order/rank, equal groups, but no true zero

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25
Q

name 2 examples of ratio and why it is

A

income, cm, degrees, age, weight, height
has order/rank, equal groups, and true zero

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26
Q

what is a continuous variable

A

ex: age, ROM, weight
a value that has “no end”
decimals possible

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27
Q

what is a discrete variable

A

only in whole units
ex: children, cups of coffee
is dichotomous

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28
Q

what are the 2 types of independent variables

A

active: treatment, manipulation (changes)
attribute: can’t change (race, eye color, shoe size)

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29
Q

Independent groups

A

different groups of people for each level

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30
Q

repeated measures

A

same people measured at all “levels” of IV

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31
Q

What is it called when there is one independent variable?

A

single factor, one-way design

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32
Q

What is it called when there is 2+ independent variables?

A

multifactoral design, “two-way” design

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33
Q

dependent variables name when there is more than one

A

multivariate designs

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34
Q

Dependent variables name when there is only 1

A

univariate designs

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35
Q

reliability definition

A

consistency

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36
Q

validity definition

A

accuracy, correctness

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37
Q

types of measurement error

A

systematic error, random error

38
Q

explain systematic error

A

consistently off

39
Q

explain random error

A

unpredictable, due to chance

40
Q

measurement error explained

A

3 trials needed at least
more measurements = the closer (regress) to the mean

41
Q

sources of measurement error

A

rater, instrument, variability

42
Q

relative reliability

A

ICC & kappa
NO UNITS

43
Q

Absolute reliability

A

standard error of the measurement (SEM)
UNITS

44
Q

Types of reliability

A

test-retest
intrarater
interrater

45
Q

test-retest

A

2 separate occasions

46
Q

interrater

A

“between” raters, 2+ raters

47
Q

intrarater

A

“with-in” rater

48
Q

reliability for questionnaires

A

internal consistency, split-half, alternate forms

49
Q

internal consistency

A

very specific
consistently off
questionnaires

50
Q

types of validity

A

content, construct, criterion-related

51
Q

types of construct validity

A

convergent, divergent, known groups

52
Q

types of criterion-related validity

A

predictive, concurrent

53
Q

what is face validity?

A

it does what it looks like
it is not useful and not studied

54
Q

Minimal Detectable change (MDC)

A

value at which observed change is NOT measurement error
above this value = real change
below this value = measurement error

55
Q

Minimal Clinically Important Difference (MCID)

A

the ability of an instrument to detect minimally important change
above this value = patient notices a difference

56
Q

content validity

A

questionnaires
not way to objectify
group of people determine (yes/no) so it is Nominal (dichotomous)

57
Q

Construct validity: convergent

A

together (both measure shoulder ROM)

58
Q

Construct validity: divergent

A

separated (one shoulder and one knee ROM)

59
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

gold standard, concrete thing

60
Q

concurrent (criterion-related)

A

@ same time
diagnostic test (yes/no)

61
Q

predictive (criterion-related)

A

with some certainty what will happen in the future
-ACL tests that mean high/low risk

62
Q

define population

A

persons, objects, or events that meet criteria

63
Q

define target population

A

larger population, who results will be generalized around

64
Q

define accessible population

A

actual population chosen for the study

65
Q

define sample

A

subgroup of population of interest

66
Q

two types of selection (eligibility) criteria

A

inclusion and exclusion

67
Q

define inclusion criteria

A

make someone eligible to be a participant

68
Q

define exclusion criteria

A

keep someone from being the subject

69
Q

sampling bias

A

sample systematically misrepresents population
-conscious
-unconscious

70
Q

sampling error

A

sample is randomly misrepresenting population

71
Q

probability sampling types

A

simple random
systematic
stratified random
cluster

72
Q

simple random sampling ex

A

dice, out of a hat

73
Q

systematic sampling ex

A

every 10th person

74
Q

stratified random sampling ex

A

specific number from group/category

75
Q

cluster sampling ex

A

multilayer/stages

76
Q

types of nonprobability sampling

A

convenience, quota, purposive

77
Q

what is convenience sampling

A

when subjects are chosen based on their availability
-volunteers/flyers
**most common

78
Q

what is quota sampling

A

like stratified but not random
-don’t randomly pick groups

79
Q

what is purposive sampling

A

subjects handpicked by specific criteria

80
Q

random sampling is

A

how we obtain our sample

81
Q

random assignment is

A

what we do with the sample

82
Q

Nuremberg Code

A

first formal guidelines
voluntary consent to participate
competence of the investigator

83
Q

Declaration of Helsinki

A

independent review of protocols

84
Q

National Research Act

A

clearly stated research design
informed consent
Institutional Review Board (IRB)

85
Q

Belmont Report

A

The Common Rule
- Respect for persons
- Beneficence
- Justice

86
Q

Levels of Measurement: Number of Chairs

A

Ratio (and discrete)

87
Q

Levels of Measurement: Color of markers

A

nominal

88
Q

Levels of Measurement: results of a coin flip

A

nominal

89
Q

Levels of Measurement: elapsed time

A

ratio

90
Q

Measurement Error equation

A

error = observed score - true score
observed score = true score + or - error

91
Q

if I measure 95 degrees, and the SEM = 5 degrees…the TRUE value ROM is ________

A

90 - 100 degrees

Research Methods (5 decks)

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