Week 7 Cerebrum & Cortex (Final Half) Flashcards
Language sits within the (right/left) hemisphere and we’re going to call it the dominant hemisphere for language. Suggesting that for most people, majority of it sits in the left, with potentially some language processing.
left;
Sitting on the right side of the brain, we have two main language centers. We have Wernicke’ area which are the areas highlighted on the (right/left). And then Broca’s area in to the (right/left), which will go into a little bit. So we have this big area referred to as Wernicke’s area and then Broca’s area. Broca’s area, if you look at it, sits within the (frontal/lateral) cortex, sitting right underneath primary motor, premotor and supplementary motor areas. Broca’s area is going to be responsible for the expression of speech, the tongue movements, the mouth movements that are required for speech. Wernicke’s area is associated with _______ receptive areas. It receives input from ____, _____, _____. Auditory because you need to hear the words, visual because you need to see the words, somatosensory in certain situations like if you’re blind. So those are the three centers that Wernicke’s area receives input from.
Right; left; frontal; speech; auditory; visual; somatosensory
(Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area is also responsible for producing and understanding, reading and writing. So anything that’s associated with understanding and being able to create the words that you want to use in your head before you spit them out are produced within (Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area.
Wernicke’s; Wernicke’s
(Broca’s/Wernicke’s) area is responsible for expressive speech
Broca’s
The association fibers associated with language is the ______ fasciculus, which connects the ______, _____ and _____ lobes. So frontal lobe, the execution of language, the creation of the words that you want to say. Temporal - taking the auditory input to be able to understand what you’re hearing. And also, we correct our speech based on what we’re hearing. So the ability to self-correct what we’re trying to say. Then the parietal lobes because that’s where the thinking of the word production occurs. And the arcuate fasciculus connects ______ and _____ areas together. Because you need to think it before you can actually produce the words.
arcuate; frontal, parietal, and temporal; Broca’s and Wernicke’s
Central aphasia refers to person has difficulty understanding or producing _____. And it’s occurring from a central nervous system perspective. A central aphasia really refers to comprehension or formulation of language that’s (intact/impaired). And it can occur with damage either to (Wernicke’s area and-or Broca’s area and-or the arcuate fasciculus/PNS) .
speech; impaired; Wernicke’s area and-or Broca’s area and-or the arcuate fasciculus.
______ Aphasia is associated with receptive/comprehensive aphasia which is the inability to understand/comprehend spoken language. Speech can be incomprehensible due to inappropriate word choice. So they might be able to produce words just fine, but they don’t have any clue of what you’re trying to say. Also, think back to Dr. Sung not being able to speak correctly with the bear ransacking all of their stuff when under a stressful situation.
Wernicke’s
(Broca’s/Wernicke’s) aphasia is a fairly simple one. It’s expressive aphasia. And it’s the inability to express themselves and speak fluently because the motor cortices are being impacted. The motor drive of being able to move your mouth, being able to coordinate the movements of the mouth, the tongue being impacted because of the central nervous system disorder. It can also impact the ability to understand written or verbal language as well. And it might also impact their ability to produce written language because there’s a motor aspect to it. So they might be able to write fluently because the hand functions intact. But the words might not be right.
Broca’s
Really when we’re thinking about Broca’s aphasia, because it sits in the cortices, what we are really dealing with is (upper/lower) motor neuron lesions of the _____, _____, and (upper/lower) extremity. Those are all going to impact your ability to produce understandable, comprehensive language.
upper; tongue, face, and upper extremity
Then there’s a type of aphasia called a (conduction/global) aphasia. Think of conduction as signal conduction with regards to action potential - sending signals from point A to point B. We will see conduction aphasia when there’s an impairment within the ______ fasciculus. We will see this with traumatic brain injuries, tumors and sometimes with certain strokes It will impact normal comprehension. It will impact fluent speech. And they’ll have problems formulating an appropriate response. There’s a lot of things going on wrong in a (conduction/global) aphasia.
And if it gets bad enough and it gets down to the level of (conduction/global) aphasia. There’s complete loss of language, both understanding and producing. And that is impairment of the _____ fasciculus and impairment within the _____ and _____ areas. So the more of these areas are involved, the more problem you are going to have with respect to language.
conduction; arcuate; conduction; global; arcuate; Wernicke’s and Broca’s;
Parietal association cortex -
Right parietal cortex: attention to left and right. Damage to (right/left) is most compromising
Impaired region → (ipsilateral/contralateral) neglect
Individual ignores or is completely unaware of objects or events in the (right/left) (typically left) side of their surroundings
If the right side of the brain is impacted by a stroke or brain injury, we’re going to have issues with space and attention. So one of the things that can go wrong if you have a right parietal cortex lesion or an injury, there’s something called (ipsilateral/contralateral) neglect. It is typically (right/left) side because it’s opposite the side that the impairment is on. They kind of forget that whole (right/left) side exists. They might forget that the (right/left) side of their body exists and keep bumping into things. If you asked them to draw something like a clock, they’ll put everything on the (right/left) side because the (right/left) side just doesn’t exist to them. And so we call that (ipsilateral/contralateral) neglect. And we’re going to see that mostly on the left side. And they really start ignoring everything on the left side of their body.
right; contralateral; left; contralateral; left; left; left; right; left; contralateral
If a person has contralateral neglect, they’re going to forget that the (right/left) side exists in the world and on their body.
left
Prefrontal association cortex – Responsible for _____, ______, & _______
Impaired region -
Lack of foresight
Lack of consistency of purpose: highly distractible - bounce from one activity to another
Unusually stubborn - Particularly when given advice they disagree with
Loss of sense of responsibility - No sense of social propriety
And then this is the one you guys all need to be really aware of, which is an area called the prefrontal association cortex, the prefrontal lobe, prefrontal cortex, frontal lobe, they all kind of mean the same thing. And when you start thinking about sequencing of tasks, a proper sit to stand, a proper gait cycle, proper ascending and descending of the stairs. They tend to jump around from one idea to the other, one conversation to the other. So it’s very difficult to keep them on track to instruct them in these sequential tasks. They usually become unusually stubborn. They’ll disagree with you about everything. And then just total loss of sense of responsibility and judgment. They tend to be very impulsive. There’s no sense of social norms. And you’ll hear things out of their mouths you really wouldn’t expect to hear, but they’ve got a frontal lobe injury.
foresight, judgment, and purpose;
