Cerebrum

Question 1

What three things are the frontal lobe responsible for?

Answer 1

Cognition/judgment, motor control, and personality

Question 2

What two things are the parietal lobe responsible for?

Answer 2

Cognition and sensory perception

Question 3

What two things are the occipital lobe responsible for?

Answer 3

Cognition and vision

Question 4

What three things are the temporal lobe responsible for?

Answer 4

Hearing, language recognition, and memory processing

Question 5

What two things are the limbic (system) responsible for?

Answer 5

Emotion and memory processing

Question 6

White Matter
• Information travels from the corona radiata > internal capsule > mid- brain > medulla oblongata
• Break down the white matter into different functional groups:
1. Commissural Fibers
 Corpus _____
1. Carriers information from the (left to right/right to left) of the cortex
 Anterior white commissure
1. Carrying anterolateral system information
 “Commissure”: areas of (gray/white) matter that are responsible for left to right cross over
2. Projection Fibers
 Internal Capsule
1. Ascending and descending information w/i the (CNS/PNS)
o Communication w/ cord
3. Association fibers
 Connects areas of the cerebrum (Same hemisphere) to function (separately/together)
1. Ex. Vision:
o Reading a textbook requires vision to learn information > there must be fibers from the visual cortex to learning cortex
o Seeing a threat > there must be fibers from the visual cortex into threat detection center
 If visual cortex + motor cortex are intact but the synapses that bring the two together are compromised  (increase/drop) in overall function
1. Association fibers critical component for overall executive function

Association Neurons & Fibers
•	Interconnect various regions within a hemisphere
•	Short fibers
o	(Local/Distant) to each other
	Ex. Adjacent gyri
•	Long fibers
o	(Local/Distant) cortical regions
	 Arcuate fasciculus
•	Connects \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_\_lobes
	Superior longitudinal fasiculus
•	Connects \_\_\_\_\_,  \_\_\_\_\_, & \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ lobes
	Inferior fronto-occipital fasiculus
•	Connects \_\_\_\_\_ lobe to \_\_\_\_ lobe

Answer 6

callosum; left to right; white; CNS; together; drop; Local; Distant; frontal, parietal, and temporal; frontal, parietal, and occipital; occipital; frontal

Question 7

Primary Motor Area (PMA/M1/Primary Motor Cortex)
• (Ascending/Descending) information of motor control
o Travels down the anterior and lateral cortical spinal tracts
• Somatotopic organization
o (Smaller/Larger) cortical regions for regions where finer motor control is required
 Larger number of motor neurons
 Ex. Fingers, mouth, face: larger representation b/c more muscles + finer motor control associated w/ them

Answer 7

Descending ; Larger

Question 8

Primary Motor Cortex (M_)
• Brodman’s Area
o (Precentral/postcentral) gyrus
• Function: Devises (motor/sensory) programs
o Sends program: corticospinal/corticobulbar
• Receives input from
o _____ (ventral lateral aspect)
 Relays info from cerebellum & globus pallidus
• Receives input from thalamus to try to (execute/inhibit) unwanted or unnecessary movements

Association Fibers – Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus
• Connects _____, _____and _____lobes
o Frontal lobe: Primary (motor/sensory) area and judgement
 Making judgements on how to move
o Parietal lobe: Primary (motor/somatosensory) area
 Takes (motor/sensory) information to produce well-defined, coordinated movement
o Occipital lobe: Vision
o Big Picture
 Coordination of body and movements with (motor/sensory) input (among other functions)
 M1 cannot produce skilled motion by itself  needs sensory information

Answer 8

M1; precentral; motor; Thalamus; inhibit; frontal, occipital, and parietal; motor; somatosensory; sensory; sensory

Question 9

Supplemental Motor Cortex
• Brodmann Area 6
• Primarily on superior and medial surfaces
o Just anterior to (precentral/postcentral) gyrus
• Responsible for (preparatory/after) postural movements
o To move arm: scapula needs to stabilize > to stabilize the scapula > thoracic spine has to be stabilized
o Before an activity occurs: preparatory contraction needs to occur
o Timing, sequencing, & initiation of movements
• Receives input from
o ____ (ventral anterior)
 Relays info from substantia nigra & globus pallidus
o _____ (ventral lateral)
 Relays info from cerebellum & globus pallidus

Answer 9

precentral; preparatory; Thalamus; Thalamus

Question 10

Premotor Cortex
• Brodmann Area 6
• Association of visual, auditory, and somatosensory input
o Big thing: Coordination of movements of the
 (Head/toes)
 (Eyes/nose)
 (Trunk/butt)
• Receives input from
o _____ (ventral lateral)
 Relays info from cerebellum & globus pallidus

Answer 10

head; eyes; trunk; Thalamus

Question 11

Primary Somatosensory Cortex
• Brodmann Areas 3,1,2
• (Precentral/Postcentral) gyrus
o Sits in the (frontal/parietal) lobe
• Receives input from
o ______
 VPL
 VPM
 Different from the primary motor cortex
• M1 (Primary motor cortex): information funneled (into/out) thalamus
• S1 (primary somatosensory cortex): information funneled (into/out) of thalamus to different areas of brain

• Somatotopic organization
o Larger cortical regions for regions where there are (smaller/greater) number of sensory receptors
 Lips, tongues, sexual organs, fingers
o Somatotopic organization will change depending on the individual
 People without hands and fingers will have smaller representation
 The more sensory receptors are being used to process information > the (smaller/larger)

Somatosensory association cortex
• Brodmann Area 5
• Information traveling from primary sensory into the somatosensory association cortex
o Opposite of M1
• (Anterior/Posterior) to postcentral gyrus
• Processes (motor/sensory) input
• Stimulation of area 5 results in activation of motor regions

Answer 11

Postcentral; parietal; Thalamus; into; out; greater; larger; Posterior; sensory;

Question 12

Primary Visual cortex
•	Brodmann Area 17
•	(Temporal/Occipital) lobe
•	Receives input from:
o	\_\_\_\_\_
	Lateral geniculate nucleus
•	Retina  optic N  LGN in the thalamus (visual relay center
•	Function
o	Receives visual input and relay  to (temporal/visual) association areas

Visual Association cortex
• Brodmann Areas 18,19,20,21 & 37
• Majority of (temporal/occipital) lobe
o Inferior part of (temporal/occipital) lobe
• Processes visual input and relays to other areas
o Mostly subconscious
 Error prone (optical illusions)

Association Neurons & Fibers
•	Long
o	Inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus
	Occipital to \_\_\_\_ lobes
	Big Picture: damage will result in functions related to (hearing/vision)
	Will still be able to see things
•	Retina, optic N, visual cortex intact
•	But (able/not able) to process the information 
o	Details: damage results in
	Facial recognition
	Object recognition
	Facial perception
	Visual agnosia
	Reading
	Processing a word/meaning of a word?

Answer 12

Occipital; Thalamus; visual; occipital; temporal; frontal; vision; not able

Question 13

Sensory organization in person that is born blind
• Somatotopic reorganization and neural plasticity
o Hearing should activate (temporal/occipital) lobe
o In A), can see it activate occipital lobe
o Reorganization to take areas that should be using visual processing and now using it for further adaptation of that sensory fiber
 Hearing and language supplements over to the visual association areas
• Heighten senses that they do have
o If born without vision:
 Association areas will reshape/reorganize to be able to enhance the function of other stimulus and other sensory input

Answer 13

temporal;

Question 14

Primary Auditory Cortex
•	Brodmann Areas 41 & 42
•	(Temporal/Occipital) lobe
o	Transverse gyri of Heschl
•	Receives input from
o	Medial geniculate nucleus
	Inf.coll.  MGN in the thalamus

Auditory association cortex
•	Brodmann Area 22
•	Superior temporal gyrus
•	Processes auditory input
•	Sits within the (parietal/frontal) cortex
o	Left: (Language/Space and Attention)
o	Right: (Language/Space and Attention)
o	One of the only areas that there is a distinct difference in left to right brain function

Answer 14

Temporal; parietal; Language; Space and attention