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week 7 anatomy - cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

2 layers of the pericardium

A
  1. outer fibrous pericardium
  2. inner serous pericardium
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2
Q

outer fibrous layer

A

protects the heart and anchors it to its surroundings (diaphragm and sternum) and also attaches to blood vessels to and from the heart

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3
Q

what are the 2 layers of the inner serous pericardium

A
  1. parietal pericardium
  2. inner visceral pericardium
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4
Q

parietal pericardium

A

is fused to the fibrous pericardium

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5
Q

inner visceral pericardium (epicardium)

A

is fused to the heart and is part of the heart wall

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6
Q

epicardium

A

the outermost layer of the heart wall - visceral pericardium

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7
Q

myocardium

A

the middle layer and is mostly cardiac muscle
- middle muscle layer
- majority of the heart
- responsible for pumping action
- striated and involuntary

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8
Q

endocardium

A

the inner layer known as the endothelium
- innermost
- smooth lining for chambers and valves
- continuous with blood vessels

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9
Q

what type of pattern does the myocardium have and why

A

a complex swirling pattern that allows the heart to pump blood more effectively

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10
Q

which is the thickets layer of the heart

A

myocardium

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11
Q

4 functional properties of muscle

A
  1. excitability
  2. contractibility
  3. extensibility
  4. elasticity
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12
Q

excitability

A

the ability to change the state (polarity) of their plasma membrane and creates ability to send electrical action potentials

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13
Q

extensibility

A

the ability to stretch or extend and increases range of motion while limiting damage

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13
Q

contractibility

A

the ability of muscle to shorten, therefore, pull on its surroundings and creates the ability to pull on attachment points & create movement

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14
Q

elasticity

A

the ability to return back to the original length
and allows repeated contractions, can generate increased force

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15
Q

4 cardiac muscle functional properties

A
  1. conductivity
  2. automaticity
  3. rhythmicity
  4. synchronicity
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16
Q

conductivity

A

ability to conduct electrical impulses

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17
Q

automaticity

A

ability to generate its own electrical impulse

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18
Q

rhythmicity

A

ability to beat, rhythmically and without external stimuli

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19
Q

synchronicity

A

ability to beat together

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20
Q

intercalated discs

A
  • areas of fusion between 2 cardiac muscle cells
  • rich in gap junction
  • important for conducting electrical activity throughout the heart
  • action potentials travel through gap junctions
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21
Q

2 types of cardiac muscle cells

A
  1. myocardial contractile cells
  2. myocardial conducting cells
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22
Q

myocardial conducting cells

A

are specialized to initiate and propagate electrical activity

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22
Q

myocardial contracting cells

A

are responsible for the strong, synchronized contractions

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23
4 chambers of the heart
1. left atrium 2. right atrium 3. left ventricle 4. right ventricle
23
characteristics of the heart
- pear-shaped organ - about the size of a fist - R heart = pulmonary circuit - L heart = systematic circuit
24
pulmonary circuit
O2 poor blood from the veins to the lungs
25
systematic circuit
O2 rich blood from the lungs to tissues
25
ventricles
- lower chambers - thick muscular pumps - contract forcefully
25
atria
- upper receiving chambers - help fill ventricles - receive blood under low pressure
26
right atrium
receiving chamber for returning blood from systematic circulation (O2 rich blood from the lungs to tissue)
27
where does gas exchange occur
capillary beds of the lungs
28
where does the superior vena cava drain
drains blood superior to diaphragm into right atrium
29
where does the inferior vena cava drain
drains blood inferior to diaphragm into right atrium
30
coronary sinus
drains most of the coronary veins into right atrium
31
right ventricle
ejects blood through the pulmonary semi lunar valve and into the pulmonary trunk (carries deoxygenated blood to each lung)
31
where does the right atrium (tricuspid valve) empty
it empties through the right atria-ventricular (tricuspid valve)
32
where does the right ventricle receive blood from
the right atrium through the tricuspid valve
33
left atrium (bicuspid or mitral valve)
receives a chamber of blood from the lungs (pulmonary veins) - oxygen-rich blood flows through the mitral/bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
34
left ventricle
the major pumping chamber for the systematic circuit - ejects blood into the aorta through the aortic semilunar valve
35
what are the 4 main valves of the heart
1. tricuspid valve 2. pulmonary valve 3. mitral valve 4. aortic valve
36
where is the tricuspid valve located
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
37
where is the pulmonary valve located
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
38
where is the mitral valve located
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
39
where is the aortic valve located
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
40
which is the largest of the 4 heart valves
aortic valve and controls how blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the heart's main artery the aorta
41
TRUE or FALSE - valves permit only one way flow
true
42
what are valves made of
dense connective tissue and are covered by endocardium
43
what direction do atrioventricular valves open
in the downwards direction into the ventricles however are then pushed closed (upwards) by ventricular pressure
44
open AV valves
relaxed papillary muscles and slack chordae tendinae
45
closed AV valves
papillary muscles contract making chordae tendinae taught
46
function of the chordae tendinae
maintain the position and tension of the atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and bicuspid valves) and maintain the one-way blood flow
47
TRUE or FALSE valves open and close in response to pressure changes in the heart
TRUE
48
chordae tendinae (AV VALVES ONLY)
- tendinous chords that attach flaps of valves to ventricle walls - connect each of the flaps to a papillary muscle - valves prevent back flow into atria during ventricular contraction
49
2 types of semilunar valves
1. pulmonary semiluna valves (R) 2. aortic semilunar valve (L)
50
where is the semilunar valves location
between the ventricles and major vessels
51
interatrial septum
separates L & R atria - Pectinate muscles (musculi pectinate): parallel ridges in the walls of the atria - Resemblance to the teeth of a comb as in pecten - Behind the crest (crista terminalis) of the right atrium the internal surface is smooth
52
interventricular septum
separates L & R ventricles
53
ligamentum arteriosum
small ligament that is the remnant of the ductus arteriosus & is formed within three weeks after birth - at the superior end, attaches to the aorta - at the final part of the aortic arch (the isthmus of the aorta) or the first part of the descending aorta
54
trabeculae carneae
columnae carneae, or “meaty ridges” - rounded or irregular muscular columns which project from the inner surface of the right ventricle - different from the pectinate muscles, which are present in the atria of the heart
55
pectinate muscles (muscle pectinate)
parallel ridges in the walls of the atria - resemblance to the teeth of a comb as in pecten - behind the crest (crest terminals) of the right atrium the internal surface is smooth

anatomy (5 decks)

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