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term test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy

A

the structure
example: what and where the stomach is

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2
Q

what is physiology

A

the function
example: how, why and when the stomach functions

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3
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions

A

anabolic is building up and (adding) and catabolic is breaking down (catastrophe)

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5
Q

what type of reaction is catabolism

A

hydrolysis - monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule (H2O in products, H from one monomer and OH from the other)

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6
Q

what type of reaction is anabolism

A

dehydration synthesis - monomers are joined by a H from one monomer and OH from the other at the site of bond formation

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7
Q

what are 2 things metabolism does

A
  1. maintains growth and development
  2. extracts energy through metabolic pathways
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8
Q

what is an example of anabolism and catabolism in the human body

A

anabolism: the fulfilled energy requirement for cellular respiration
catabolism: the process of breaking down food (digestion)

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9
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of life

A
  1. movement
  2. responsiveness
  3. growth
  4. reproduction
  5. respiration
  6. digestion
  7. absorption
  8. circulation
  9. assimilation
  10. exertion
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10
Q

what are the 5 needs of a living organism

A
  1. water
  2. food
  3. oxygen
  4. heat
  5. pressure
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11
Q

what are the levels of organization in an organism

A
  1. atom
  2. molecule
  3. macromolecule
  4. organelle
  5. cell
  6. tissue
  7. organ
  8. organ system
  9. organism
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12
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the way our body maintains a steady internal environment despite environmental and physical changes

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13
Q

afferent

A

towards

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14
Q

efferent

A

away or exit

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15
Q

what are the 2 homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. positive feedback mechanisms
  2. negative feedback mechanism
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16
Q

which is the most common homeostatic mechanism

A

negative feedback

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17
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

a process that takes the body away from a steady state and is more unstable
example: child birth

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18
Q

what is a negative feedback loop

A

a process that is how our body achieves homeostasis and is more stable
example: thermostat

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19
Q

5 steps to maintaining homeostasis

A
  1. stimulus - change occurs in the internal environment
  2. receptor
  3. control center (set point) - change is compared to the set point
  4. effectors - muscles or glands
  5. response - change is corrected
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20
Q

hypo

A

below or inferior
example: hypoglycemias = low blood sugar

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21
Q

mucous membranes

A

opens to the exterior

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22
Q

serous membranes

A

does not open to the exterior and is in between the parietal and visceral

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23
Q

visceral

A

deep to the tissue

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24
Q

parietal

A

against the thoracic wall (against the ribs)

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25
if someone was stabbed would it hit the parietal or visceral first
the parietal before going deeper into the tissue and hitting the visceral (P before V)
26
organic
contains carbon atoms examples: lipids, portions, nucleic acids
27
inorganic
doesn't have carbon atoms except for the one exception of CO2 and is anything without carbon examples: water, oxygen, electrolytes
28
carbohydrates
sugary energy
29
lipids
is our bodies plan b energy example: in cases of starvation our body would burn through carbs first and then lips leaving proteins until last because they are involved in enzymes, growth, hormones etc
30
nucleic acids
directions that give the instructions to create what the body needs or if if needs a change
31
what are the 3 components that all cells have
cytoplasm, plasma membranes, ribosomes
32
what does it mean if the bodies anatomical position is erect
arms are hanging at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs are away from the body and feet are parallel
33
superior (cranial or cephalic)
above - toward the head end or upper part of the body example: the forehead is superior to the nose
34
inferior (caudal)
below - away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body example: the navel (belly button) is inferior to the breastbone
35
anterior (ventral)
in front of - toward or at the front of the body example: the breastbone is anterior to the spine
36
posterior
behind - toward or at the backside of the body example: the heart is posterior to the breastbone
37
medial
on the inner side of - toward or at the midline of the body example: the heart is medial to the arm
38
lateral
on the outer side - away from the midline of the body example: the arms are lateral to the chest
39
intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure example: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder
40
proximal
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk example: the elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is
41
distal
father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk example: the knee is distal to the thigh
42
superficial (external)
toward or at the body surface example: the skin is superficial to the skeleton
43
deep (internal)
away from the body surface (more internal) example: the lungs are deep to the rib cage
44
4 regions of the abdomen
1. upper right 2. upper left 3. lower right 4. lower left
45
where is the periumbilical region located on a male
in between the epigastric region (above) and the pelvic region (below)
46
9 smaller regions of the abdomen
right side - right hypochondriac - right lumbar - right iliac left side - left hypochondriac - left lumbar - left iliac middle - epigastric - umbilical - hypogastric
47
nucleus
brain of the cell
48
ribosomes
site of protein synthesis, protein makers and production of ribosomes in the nucleolus
49
endoplasmic reticulum
rough (ribosomes on it, creating proteins) and smooth (does not have ribosomes, lipid transport and modification)
50
golgi apparatus
post office or amazon, tags it so it gets delivered to the right person or department. Deals with vesicles to move towards something else
51
lysosome
garbage trucks, high acidity, digest and break down things like cell or organelle waste due to the high acidity
52
endocytosis
bringing things into the cell
53
peroxisomes
detoxification, detoxify creating hydrogen peroxide. Lots in your liver to detoxify alcohol
54
exocytosis
exits things from the cell
55
mitochondria
powerhouse of the cell
56
plasma membrane
boundary, selective permeability and can change depending on hormone, electrical changes
57
passive transport
down a concentration gradient, high to low (No ATP required) = diffusion (tea bag example)
58
active transport
up a concentration gradient, low to high (ATP is needed)
59
osmosis
diffusion of water, movement of water from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water. Anything added to pure distilled water can be a solute. A plasma membrane is needed for osmotic pressure of solutes in water
60
hypotonic
low
61
hypertonic
high
62
isotonic
equal
63
low solute
water wants to move into cell = swell and maybe burst (osmotic pull)
64
high solute
water wants to move out of cell = shrink
64
isotonic
water and solute concentrations are equal = no change
65
what are the 4 types of passive transport
1. diffusion 2. facilitated diffusion 3. osmosis 4. filtration
66
what are the 3 types of active transport
1. active transport/solute pump 2. endocytosis 3. exocytosis
67
what are the 3 membranes
1. mucous 2. serous 3. synovial
68
what does the parietal cover
the wall
69
what does the visceral cover
organ
70
what is the difference between serous and mucous membrane
the mucous membrane lines cavities that open to the outside while the serous membrane lines cavities that do not open to the outside
71
what are the 4 types of tissues in the body
1. epithelial 2. muscle 3. nervous 4. connective
72
3 basic types of epithelial cells
1. simple squamous 2. simple cubodial 3. simple columnar
73
5 functions of epithelial cells
1. protection 2. secretion 3. absorption 4. movement 5. diffusion, osmosis and filtration
74
3 types of muscle tissue
1. skeletal 2. cardiac 3. smooth
75
what is the most comm

anatomy (5 decks)

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