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anatomy > term test #1 > Flashcards

term test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is anatomy

A

the structure
example: what and where the stomach is

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2
Q

what is physiology

A

the function
example: how, why and when the stomach functions

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3
Q

what is metabolism

A

the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body

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4
Q

what is the difference between anabolic and catabolic reactions

A

anabolic is building up and (adding) and catabolic is breaking down (catastrophe)

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5
Q

what type of reaction is catabolism

A

hydrolysis - monomers are released by the addition of a water molecule (H2O in products, H from one monomer and OH from the other)

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6
Q

what type of reaction is anabolism

A

dehydration synthesis - monomers are joined by a H from one monomer and OH from the other at the site of bond formation

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7
Q

what are 2 things metabolism does

A
  1. maintains growth and development
  2. extracts energy through metabolic pathways
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8
Q

what is an example of anabolism and catabolism in the human body

A

anabolism: the fulfilled energy requirement for cellular respiration
catabolism: the process of breaking down food (digestion)

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9
Q

what are the 10 characteristics of life

A
  1. movement
  2. responsiveness
  3. growth
  4. reproduction
  5. respiration
  6. digestion
  7. absorption
  8. circulation
  9. assimilation
  10. exertion
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10
Q

what are the 5 needs of a living organism

A
  1. water
  2. food
  3. oxygen
  4. heat
  5. pressure
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11
Q

what are the levels of organization in an organism

A
  1. atom
  2. molecule
  3. macromolecule
  4. organelle
  5. cell
  6. tissue
  7. organ
  8. organ system
  9. organism
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12
Q

what is homeostasis

A

the way our body maintains a steady internal environment despite environmental and physical changes

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13
Q

afferent

A

towards

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14
Q

efferent

A

away or exit

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15
Q

what are the 2 homeostatic mechanisms

A
  1. positive feedback mechanisms
  2. negative feedback mechanism
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16
Q

which is the most common homeostatic mechanism

A

negative feedback

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17
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

a process that takes the body away from a steady state and is more unstable
example: child birth

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18
Q

what is a negative feedback loop

A

a process that is how our body achieves homeostasis and is more stable
example: thermostat

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19
Q

5 steps to maintaining homeostasis

A
  1. stimulus - change occurs in the internal environment
  2. receptor
  3. control center (set point) - change is compared to the set point
  4. effectors - muscles or glands
  5. response - change is corrected
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20
Q

hypo

A

below or inferior
example: hypoglycemias = low blood sugar

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21
Q

mucous membranes

A

opens to the exterior

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22
Q

serous membranes

A

does not open to the exterior and is in between the parietal and visceral

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23
Q

visceral

A

deep to the tissue

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24
Q

parietal

A

against the thoracic wall (against the ribs)

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25
Q

if someone was stabbed would it hit the parietal or visceral first

A

the parietal before going deeper into the tissue and hitting the visceral (P before V)

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26
Q

organic

A

contains carbon atoms
examples: lipids, portions, nucleic acids

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27
Q

inorganic

A

doesn’t have carbon atoms except for the one exception of CO2 and is anything without carbon
examples: water, oxygen, electrolytes

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28
Q

carbohydrates

A

sugary energy

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29
Q

lipids

A

is our bodies plan b energy
example: in cases of starvation our body would burn through carbs first and then lips leaving proteins until last because they are involved in enzymes, growth, hormones etc

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30
Q

nucleic acids

A

directions that give the instructions to create what the body needs or if if needs a change

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31
Q

what are the 3 components that all cells have

A

cytoplasm, plasma membranes, ribosomes

32
Q

what does it mean if the bodies anatomical position is erect

A

arms are hanging at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs are away from the body and feet are parallel

33
Q

superior (cranial or cephalic)

A

above - toward the head end or upper part of the body
example: the forehead is superior to the nose

34
Q

inferior (caudal)

A

below - away from the head end or toward the lower part of the body
example: the navel (belly button) is inferior to the breastbone

35
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

in front of - toward or at the front of the body
example: the breastbone is anterior to the spine

36
Q

posterior

A

behind - toward or at the backside of the body
example: the heart is posterior to the breastbone

37
Q

medial

A

on the inner side of - toward or at the midline of the body
example: the heart is medial to the arm

38
Q

lateral

A

on the outer side - away from the midline of the body
example: the arms are lateral to the chest

39
Q

intermediate

A

between a more medial and a more lateral structure
example: the collarbone is intermediate between the breastbone and the shoulder

40
Q

proximal

A

close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example: the elbow is proximal to the wrist (meaning that the elbow is closer to the shoulder or attachment point of the arm than the wrist is

41
Q

distal

A

father from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
example: the knee is distal to the thigh

42
Q

superficial (external)

A

toward or at the body surface
example: the skin is superficial to the skeleton

43
Q

deep (internal)

A

away from the body surface (more internal)
example: the lungs are deep to the rib cage

44
Q

4 regions of the abdomen

A
  1. upper right
  2. upper left
  3. lower right
  4. lower left
45
Q

where is the periumbilical region located on a male

A

in between the epigastric region (above) and the pelvic region (below)

46
Q

9 smaller regions of the abdomen

A

right side
- right hypochondriac
- right lumbar
- right iliac

left side
- left hypochondriac
- left lumbar
- left iliac

middle
- epigastric
- umbilical
- hypogastric

47
Q

nucleus

A

brain of the cell

48
Q

ribosomes

A

site of protein synthesis, protein makers and production of ribosomes in the nucleolus

49
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

rough (ribosomes on it, creating proteins) and smooth (does not have ribosomes, lipid transport and modification)

50
Q

golgi apparatus

A

post office or amazon, tags it so it gets delivered to the right person or department. Deals with vesicles to move towards something else

51
Q

lysosome

A

garbage trucks, high acidity, digest and break down things like cell or organelle waste due to the high acidity

52
Q

endocytosis

A

bringing things into the cell

53
Q

peroxisomes

A

detoxification, detoxify creating hydrogen peroxide. Lots in your liver to detoxify alcohol

54
Q

exocytosis

A

exits things from the cell

55
Q

mitochondria

A

powerhouse of the cell

56
Q

plasma membrane

A

boundary, selective permeability and can change depending on hormone, electrical changes

57
Q

passive transport

A

down a concentration gradient, high to low (No ATP required) = diffusion (tea bag example)

58
Q

active transport

A

up a concentration gradient, low to high (ATP is needed)

59
Q

osmosis

A

diffusion of water, movement of water from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water. Anything added to pure distilled water can be a solute. A plasma membrane is needed for osmotic pressure of solutes in water

60
Q

hypotonic

A

low

61
Q

hypertonic

A

high

62
Q

isotonic

A

equal

63
Q

low solute

A

water wants to move into cell = swell and maybe burst (osmotic pull)

64
Q

high solute

A

water wants to move out of cell = shrink

64
Q

isotonic

A

water and solute concentrations are equal = no change

65
Q

what are the 4 types of passive transport

A
  1. diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. osmosis
  4. filtration
66
Q

what are the 3 types of active transport

A
  1. active transport/solute pump
  2. endocytosis
  3. exocytosis
67
Q

what are the 3 membranes

A
  1. mucous
  2. serous
  3. synovial
68
Q

what does the parietal cover

A

the wall

69
Q

what does the visceral cover

A

organ

70
Q

what is the difference between serous and mucous membrane

A

the mucous membrane lines cavities that open to the outside while the serous membrane lines cavities that do not open to the outside

71
Q

what are the 4 types of tissues in the body

A
  1. epithelial
  2. muscle
  3. nervous
  4. connective
72
Q

3 basic types of epithelial cells

A
  1. simple squamous
  2. simple cubodial
  3. simple columnar
73
Q

5 functions of epithelial cells

A
  1. protection
  2. secretion
  3. absorption
  4. movement
  5. diffusion, osmosis and filtration
74
Q

3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
75
Q

what is the most comm

A

anatomy (5 decks)

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