week 5 anatomy - respiratory system

Question 1

tidal volume

Answer 1

the volume of air that is inhaled and exhaled in one breath
* normal tV = 500ml of air

Question 2

dead space

Answer 2

sections of the tract where NO gas exchange occurs

Question 3

minute volume

Answer 3

amount of air that travels through the system during one minute (tidal volume x rate)

Question 4

FiO2

Answer 4

fraction of inspired oxygen
fraction of inspired air that consists of O2
ie. atmospheric air is 21% therefore FiO2 = 0.21
the higher the FiO2 the higher the O2 content is of the blood

Question 5

dyspnea

Answer 5

difficulty breathing

Question 6

orthopnea

Answer 6

difficulty breathing when lying down; prefers to be sitting straight up to breath

Question 7

apnea

Answer 7

absence of breath

Question 8

hypoxia

Answer 8

a deficiency of oxygen in inspired gases or in arterial blood and or the tissues

Question 9

cyanosis

Answer 9

a common sign of hypoxemia - bluish colour often observed in nail beds or lips

Question 10

sputum

Answer 10

fluid and secretions coughed up from the lungs

Question 11

hemoptysis

Answer 11

coughing up blood

Question 12

hyperventilation

Answer 12

increased tidal volume above normal “over breathing” = more than necessary

Question 13

hypoventilation

Answer 13

decreased tidal volume below normal

Question 14

central neurogenic hyperventilation

Answer 14

rapid and shallow breathing, seen with midbrain and thalamus injury

Question 15

eupnea

Answer 15

Normal, quiet breathing
12-20/min (adult)
20-30/min (child)
30-50/min (infant)
Normal inspiration lasts 1-1.5 sec
Normal expiration lasts 2-3 sec

Question 16

apnea

Answer 16

absence of breathing (respiratory arrest)

Question 16

tachypnea

Answer 16

rapid breathing rate

Question 17

bradypnea

Answer 17

slow breathing rate

Question 18

cheyne-stokes

Answer 18

• Abnormal pattern where ventilation rate & volume gradually increases, peaks, then gradually decreases (crescendo-decrescendo pattern), with periods of apnea (alternating periods of dyspnea & apnea)
• Cyclical pattern (repeats every 30 sec to 2 min)

Question 19

biots (ataxic)

Answer 19

• Irregular pattern, rate & volume w/ intermittent periods of apnea
• No cyclical nature to them
• Poor prognosis; tends to degrade to agonal resps
• Often involves damage to medulla (e.g., CVA, herniation, IIC

Question 20

apneustic

Answer 20

• Prolonged inspiratory phase w/ shortened expiratory phase
• Usually caused by brainstem lesion

Question 21

agonal

Answer 21

• Gasping, laboured breathing a/w strange vocalization & myoclonus
• Pre-arrest respiratory pattern (may not involve gas exchange)
• Can be present in cardiac arrest, where the brainstem is still firing

Question 22

shallow

Answer 22

hypoventilation - decreased tide volume below normal

Question 23

hyperpnea

Answer 23

Hyperventilation – normal rate, but ↑ tidal volume above normal

Question 24

air trapping

Answer 24

example: asthma, COPD

Question 25

kussmauls

Answer 25

Deep, gasping respirations, often seen as compensatory mechanism in metabolic acidosis (e.g., DKA)

Question 26

sighing

Answer 26

Normal breathing pattern with occasional deep breaths (↑ tidal volume)

Question 27

what are the 13 different types of respiration

Answer 27

1. eupnea 2. tachypnea 3. bradypnea 4. apnea 5. cheyne-stokes 6. biots (ataxic) 7. apneustic 8. agonal 9. shallow 10. hyperpnea 11. air trapping 12. kussmauls 13. sighing

Question 28

5 major factors influencing respiratory rate

Answer 28

1. increase exercise 2. increase stress 3. increase temperature 4. increase altitude 5. certain medications (decrease respiratory rate) example: narcotics