Week 7 - Adaptive Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of the adaptive immune response

A

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self: non-self discrimination

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2
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Is mediated by B-lymphocytes and antibody associated with blood and body fluids
Targeting exogenous antigens produced by extracellular pathogens

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3
Q

Cell mediated immunity

A

Is mediated by t-lymphocytes targeting endogenous antigens in the intracellular space
Targeting viral infections and tumour cells

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4
Q

Active immunity

A

develops when host immune stystem generates the immune response to antigen challenge, it creates an immunological memory

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5
Q

Passive immunity

A

occurs when individuals receive preformed antibodies (artificially acquired) or from mother to child.
It only provides short term protection

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6
Q

What are the five major classes of antibodies

A

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA

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7
Q

IgG

A

Persists for moths to years and is responsible for long term protection

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8
Q

IgM

A

First type of antibody produced after primary antigenic stimulation. Only lasts for short periods (weeks to months)

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9
Q

IgA

A

Found primarily in mucosal surfaces protection from invading pathogens

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10
Q

IgD

A

Present on the surface of B-cells and functions as an antigen receptor

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11
Q

IgE

A

Is involved in immunity to the helminth infections and allergic reactions

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12
Q

CD4+ T lymphocytes

A

T-helper cells - coach and trailer the immune response to a particular pathogen
They differentiate into distinct subtypes distinguished by the cytokines they produce

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13
Q

CD8+ T lymphocytes

A

Cytotoxic T cells - directly kill cells with viruses and intracellular bacteria and eliminate tumour cells

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14
Q

Mechanisms of CD8+

A

Granzyme - mediated killing
Fas-FasL - mediated killing

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15
Q

Primary immunodeficiency

A

Occurs when a part of the immune system is missing or functioning abnormally as a result of genetic change

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16
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency

A

Occurs as a result of infectious agents toxins or drugs

17
Q

Examples of secondary immunodeficiency

A

HIV, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, leukaemia

18
Q

Secondary immunodeficiency can be caused by

A

Acquired infections
Chronic diseases
Immunosuppressive therapy
Altered host physiology

19
Q

Basic types of vaccines

A

Inactivated or killed
Live attenuated
Subunit
Toxoid

20
Q

Inactivated or killed vaccines

A

Does not replicate in host - polio, influenza A, hepatitis A

21
Q

Live attenuated vaccine

A

Replicates in host and stimulates immunity by does not cause disease - chicken pox, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, rubella

22
Q

Subunit vaccine

A

Contains parts of microorganisms that are known to stimulate immunity - Hep B , Hib

23
Q

Toxoid vaccine

A

Inactivated bacterial toxin that does not cause disease but stimulates immunity - diphtheria and tetanus

24
Q

Immunological hypersensitivity reactions

A

Environmental substances
Infectious agents
Self antigens

25
Immediate hypersensitivity type 1
Allergy - mediated via mast cell degranulation and eosinophils in the innate immune system and IgE in the adaptive immune system
26
Antibody mediated hypersensitivity type 2
Cell bound antigen - mediated by complement and phagocytic cells in the innate immune system and IgG in the adaptive Immediate
27
Immune complex disease (type 3)
Mediated by complement and neutrophils in the innate immune system and IgG in adaptive Occurs within hours
28
Delayed hypersensitivity
Mediated via macrophages in the innate and T-lymphocytes in the adaptive Onset 2-3days prior to exposure
29
What is the primary cause for autoimmune disease
Specificity for self-antigen