Week 7 - Adaptive Immunity

Question 1

Advantages of the adaptive immune response

Answer 1

Specificity
Diversity
Memory
Self: non-self discrimination

Question 2

Humoral immunity

Answer 2

Is mediated by B-lymphocytes and antibody associated with blood and body fluids
Targeting exogenous antigens produced by extracellular pathogens

Question 3

Cell mediated immunity

Answer 3

Is mediated by t-lymphocytes targeting endogenous antigens in the intracellular space
Targeting viral infections and tumour cells

Question 4

Active immunity

Answer 4

develops when host immune stystem generates the immune response to antigen challenge, it creates an immunological memory

Question 5

Passive immunity

Answer 5

occurs when individuals receive preformed antibodies (artificially acquired) or from mother to child.
It only provides short term protection

Question 6

What are the five major classes of antibodies

Answer 6

IgD, IgM, IgG, IgE, IgA

Question 7

IgG

Answer 7

Persists for moths to years and is responsible for long term protection

Question 8

IgM

Answer 8

First type of antibody produced after primary antigenic stimulation. Only lasts for short periods (weeks to months)

Question 9

IgA

Answer 9

Found primarily in mucosal surfaces protection from invading pathogens

Question 10

IgD

Answer 10

Present on the surface of B-cells and functions as an antigen receptor

Question 11

IgE

Answer 11

Is involved in immunity to the helminth infections and allergic reactions

Question 12

CD4+ T lymphocytes

Answer 12

T-helper cells - coach and trailer the immune response to a particular pathogen
They differentiate into distinct subtypes distinguished by the cytokines they produce

Question 13

CD8+ T lymphocytes

Answer 13

Cytotoxic T cells - directly kill cells with viruses and intracellular bacteria and eliminate tumour cells

Question 14

Mechanisms of CD8+

Answer 14

Granzyme - mediated killing
Fas-FasL - mediated killing

Question 15

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 15

Occurs when a part of the immune system is missing or functioning abnormally as a result of genetic change

Question 16

Secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 16

Occurs as a result of infectious agents toxins or drugs

Question 17

Examples of secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 17

HIV, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, leukaemia

Question 18

Secondary immunodeficiency can be caused by

Answer 18

Acquired infections
Chronic diseases
Immunosuppressive therapy
Altered host physiology

Question 19

Basic types of vaccines

Answer 19

Inactivated or killed
Live attenuated
Subunit
Toxoid

Question 20

Inactivated or killed vaccines

Answer 20

Does not replicate in host - polio, influenza A, hepatitis A

Question 21

Live attenuated vaccine

Answer 21

Replicates in host and stimulates immunity by does not cause disease - chicken pox, tuberculosis, measles, mumps, rubella

Question 22

Subunit vaccine

Answer 22

Contains parts of microorganisms that are known to stimulate immunity - Hep B , Hib

Question 23

Toxoid vaccine

Answer 23

Inactivated bacterial toxin that does not cause disease but stimulates immunity - diphtheria and tetanus

Question 24

Immunological hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 24

Environmental substances
Infectious agents
Self antigens

Question 25

Immediate hypersensitivity type 1

Answer 25

Allergy - mediated via mast cell degranulation and eosinophils in the innate immune system and IgE in the adaptive immune system

Question 26

Antibody mediated hypersensitivity type 2

Answer 26

Cell bound antigen - mediated by complement and phagocytic cells in the innate immune system and IgG in the adaptive
Immediate

Question 27

Immune complex disease (type 3)

Answer 27

Mediated by complement and neutrophils in the innate immune system and IgG in adaptive
Occurs within hours

Question 28

Delayed hypersensitivity

Answer 28

Mediated via macrophages in the innate and T-lymphocytes in the adaptive
Onset 2-3days prior to exposure

Question 29

What is the primary cause for autoimmune disease

Answer 29

Specificity for self-antigen