week 7-8 Flashcards
public speaking is also known as
oration
Dolman (1922)
process or act of performing a presentation (or a speech) focused around an individual directly speaking to a live audience in a
structured, deliberate manner
public speaking
goal of public speaking
to inform, influence, or entertain audience.
4Ms: principles of effective public speaking
material
message
method of delivery
manners in speech
It refers to the subject that the speaker explores or discusses during their presentation or speech.
material
the central idea or theme around
which the speaker builds their argument, evidence, and stories.
material
KEY CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING A MATERIAL (4)
audience
expertise
purpose
relevance
Audience. Consider the interests, background, and needs of the audience. The topic should be ??? and ??? to them.
relevant and engaging
Expertise. Choose a topic that aligns with your expertise and knowledge. This will help you deliver a ??? and ??? presentation.
confident and authoritative
Purpose. Determine the purpose of the speech or presentation. Is it to inform, persuade, entertain, or inspire? The topic should align with the ???
overall purpose
Relevance. Choose a topic that is ???, ???, and ??? with the audience.
current, relevant, and resonates
It is the main points to the central idea or theme that the speaker wants to convey to the audience.
message
It is the core of the speech or presentation and serves as a guide for all other elements, such as the supporting evidence, anecdotes, and examples.
message
It is critical because it determines the impact and effectiveness of the
presentation
message
SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:
It seeks to provide the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented by the
speaker.
Speech to inform
SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:
It seeks to provide the audience with entertainment.
Speech to entertain.
SPEECH ACCORDING TO PURPOSE:
It seeks to provide the audience with favorable or acceptable ideas that can influence their own ideas and decisions.
Speech to persuade.
It is also known as the style of delivery.
methods of delivery
It refers to the way in which a speaker presents his/her speech or presentation to the audience.
methods of delivery
METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker reads their speech word-for-word from a prepared script. (Ex. proclamation paper, public
announcement, court decision)
Manuscript
METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker memorizes their entire speech and delivers it from memory without notes or prompts. (Ex. declamation or oratorical speech)
Memorized
METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker delivers a speech without any prior preparation or planning.
impromptu
METHODS OF DELIVERY: The speaker delivers a speech that is carefully prepared and planned, but not read word-for-word from a script.
extemporaneous
These refer to the way in which a speaker uses their voice and language to
communicate their message effectively to the audience. These include volume, tone, pace, pronunciation, articulation, inflection, pause, and body language.
manners in speech
These also refer to the ethical standards in delivering a speech in public.
manners in speech
It refers to the use of body language, gestures, facial expressions, and other non-verbal cues to convey a message.
non-verbal communication
ALL KINDS OF RESPONSES THAT ARE NOT EXPRESSED IN
WORDS
non-verbal communication
Non-verbal communication can be ??? or ???
conscious or unconscious
It refers to the speaker’s body movements which include eye
contact, facial expressions, posture, and gestures.
body language
allows the listeners to easily detect how confident a speaker is or how interested he/she to talk to
them.
using eye contact
tools to express or communicate a speaker’s emotions through the different parts of the face.
facial expressions
These include movements of the hands, legs, and other body parts that carry meanings
gestures
Gesture: To describe or clarify
a point
Descriptive
Gesture: To make a point or
suggest emotions
emphatic
Gesture: To show approval or disapproval
Suggestive
Gesture: To suggest a
desirable response
Prompting
It is the position of the body either when a person stands or sit. In public speaking, it shows confidence and elicits positive impression from the audience.
Posture
The way a speaker ??? and
presents themselves can impact how the audience perceives
their credibility, authority, and professionalism.
dresses
It refers to the highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.
pitch
loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice
volume
the speed at which the speaker speaks
rate
quality of the speaker’s voice, such as the level of friendliness, confidence, or authority.
tone
clarity and distinctness of the speaker’s words.
articulation
intentional breaks in the speaker’s speech.
pauses
correct way of saying words, including the accent, syllable stress, and intonation.
pronunciation
the space and distance between the
speaker and the audience.
proxemics
reflect people’s personality and
reveal character.
colors
single most dynamic and passion color that symbolizes love, rage, and courage.
red
joyous and radiant color. It exudes warmth, inspiration, and vitality. It is the happiest of the colors.
yellow
optimistic color. It helps you look at the bright side of life despite difficulties.
orange
color of spring which represents growth and renewal. It is a color that resonates energy and positivity.
green
color of depth, stability, and independence. This is best for studying and working because it helps in relaxing and stimulating the mind
blue
stability of blue and energy of red. It is associated with royalty. It symbolizes power, nobility, luxury, and ambition. It conveys wealth and extravagance.
purple
goodness, purity, and innocence. The individual who chooses white as a color seeks excellence and enlightenment in all philosophies
white
mysterious color because it can have different interpretations. It can mean power, elegance, formality, death, evil, or grief.
black
physical contact. It can be interpreted differently in various cultures. But, generally, it is used to communicate love, care, or comfort
touch
The initial step in building connection with the audiences
is to know them, which can be achieved through ???
audience
analysis
a process of looking into the behavior, values, beliefs, or even the culture of the audience.
audience analysis
means “to be done without being planned, organized, or rehearsed” in any way, shape, or form.
impromptu speech
The speaker organizes his/her ideas into three parts: past, present, and future.
* It involves reflecting on the past related to the topic, describing the current situation in the present, and sharing thoughts or predictions for the future.
past, present, future strategy
It involves making a clear point, providing a reason, giving an
example or explanation, and then restating the point to
summarize the key ideas.
POINT-REASON EXAMPLE/EXPLANATION-POINT (PREP)
it starts with a strong opening, followed by three supporting details or information, and ends with a clincher that leaves a lasting impression on the audience.
OPENING, RULE OF THREE, CLINCHER
This involves building a connection between what the speaker do not know and what he/she know.
* It is a technique used to transition smoothly from one topic or question to another. It involves acknowledging the current topic or question, providing a brief response or comment, and then connecting it to a related topic or question
bridging
The speaker takes a statement or question and rephrases it in a way that shifts the focus or changes the perspective on the topic.
* This technique can be used to redirect the conversation and
introduce new ideas or perspectives. By reframing a question or statement, speakers can provide a fresh perspective on the topic, challenge assumptions, and offer a more nuanced understanding of the issue at hand.
reframing
It involves taking a position that is contrary to one’s own personal opinion or beliefs in order to stimulate critical thinking, promote discussion, or challenge assumptions.
* This technique involves temporarily adopting a position that is opposite to one’s own in order to explore the potential strengths and weaknesses of different arguments or perspectives.
playing the devil’s advocate
involves delivering a speech or
presentation without a prepared script or memorized content.
Instead, the speaker relies on notes, outlines, or mental preparation to organize their ideas and key points.
Extemporaneous speech
purpose of extemporaneous speech
to inform, entertain, persuade
is certainly one form of entertainment. But when it comes to entertaining the audience, it is about making the speech pleasant to listen to from beginning to end
Humor
This refers to an emotional appeal. When using this as a means of persuasion, the speaker is attempting to elicit a feeling in the audience to pull them towards a particular conclusion.
Pathos
In rhetoric, this can be understood as the audience’s perception of the speaker’s ethical character.
Ethos
It refers to the use of reasoned arguments to convince an audience. An effective logical argument in an extemporaneous speech will clearly state a claim,
offer analysis to explain the truth of the claim, and support the analysis with evidence
Logos
has a more formal purpose and
requires a great deal of research
to be done effectively
focuses on evidences as a form of
argument
argumentative
blends facts and emotion in
attempt to convince the reader
that the writer is “right”(often
relies heavily on opinion)
- more prone to emotional appeals
and other non-formal types of
debate
persuasive
the main purpose is to argue a
point using evidences, to get the
audience to acknowledge that the
speaker’s side is valid and
deserves consideration as another
point of view
argumentative
argumentative: the tone must appear ???
authoritative
the main purpose is not
necessarily to present undeniable
facts , but is instead to sway the
readers
persuasive
persuasive: has a more ??? tone like a friend or a mentor
relaxed
uses language that is aloof,
complex, and filled with jargon
related to the topic
acknowledge that opposing views
exist
argumentative
the style is friendlier, may appeal
to the audience’s emotions, ego,
or sense of intelligence
speaker presents one side –
his/her side
persuasive
It is a list of sources that have been researched by an individual or group for a specific purpose, with annotations or brief descriptions accompanying each source
annotated research bibliography
The ??? provide a summary of the source’s content,
relevance, and quality, as well as an evaluation of the author’s arguments, methodology, and bias
annotations
A ??? is the main point or central argument of the speech. It expresses the speaker’s stand on the issue. It must present a strong position that is supported by convincing evidences and suggests a framework for organizing the speech.
thesis statement
is a condensed version of a text in a linear, structured format. It organizes main topics, sub-topics,
and supporting details. It aids the readers in identifying the key ideas in a text
Outline
principles of outlining (4)
division,
classification,
coordination,
subordination
relevant ideas should always go together
principle of classification
the structure should be parallel to one another
principle of coordination
supporting details should always fall under appropriate main ideas
principle of subordination
(1) Begin the speech with a personal story, observation or experience; (2) Provide striking statistics that can support the ideas; (3) Add the opinion; (4) Think of engaging rhetorical questions; (5) Use emotional appeal; (6) Use superlatives to exaggerate an idea; and, (7) Think of the rule of three
A.F.O.R.E.S.T.
(anecdotes,
facts and figures,
opinion,
rhetorical questions,
emotive language,
superlatives,
tripling)
Identify the problem and provide solution showing its practicality.
PROBLEM-SOLUTION
Identify the problem, analyze the causes of the problem, and provide solution to the problem.
PROBLEM-CAUSE-SOLUTION
Identify the problem, present at least two solutions to the problem, and compare the two in terms of practicality and feasibility.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES
(1) Grab the attention of the audience by identifying the target problem; (2) Establish the need or urgency to address the identified problem; (3) Present possible solutions to the audience to satisfy the needs; (4) Help the audience visualize by using vivid language to convince them about the benefits they can gain from the solutions presented; (5) Engage the audience to participate in promoting change through a call for action
MONROE’S MOTIVATED SEQUENCE
