week 2-3 Flashcards
a system consists of phonology, morphology, syntax, and lexicon
language
Language is a system consists of (4)
phonology (sounds), morphology (word formation), syntax (grammar), and lexicon (vocabulary)
???, both written and spoken, is the primary means of communication for humans.
Language
Language can be acquired and learned. Language is acquired
through ???, while language learning may occur ???
a person’s environment;
formally (in educational institutions) or informally (self-learning).
The term communication is derived from the Latin word?
“communicare”
“communicare” meaning
“share with” or “to make common”.
can be defined as “a common understanding of something”.
communication
Generally, communication involves a ??? and ??? process of telling, listening and understanding.
systematic;
continuous
Communication is a ??? in which people create, send, and receive symbolic messages to construct and interpret meaning in a variety of situations and contexts.
transactional process
Characteristics:
Communication as a process (3)
- a continuous, dynamic, and evolving activity
- made up of interrelated parts
- a symbol
When people communicate, they attach ??? to the ??? they use with the intent that the receiver of the message share the same meanings as intended.
meanings;
symbols
Communication is also affected by the larger system
within which it operates – i.e.,
culture, religion, ethnicity, nationality, socio-economic status, age, sex, political affiliations, and the like.
is a tangible representation of something abstract.
A symbol
According to Beavin and Jackson (1967), communication has
two levels of meaning.
content level
relationship level
It refer to the literal or denotative meaning of the message.
Content Level
- It expresses the relationship between
communicators. - It is the connotative meaning of the
message.
Relationship Level
types of communication (mode) (3)
verbal
non-verbal
visual
Uses language, both spoken and written, in communication
Verbal Communication
Does not use language but other modes in communication, i.e., body language, facial expressions, sign language, etc.
Non-Verbal Communication
Uses images to transfer messages and/or information (symbols, signs, charts, diagrams, maps, graphs, imagery, photos, pictograms, illustrations/drawings)
Visual
Communication
types of communication (context) (5)
intrapersonal
interpersonal
extended
organizational
intercultural
Communication within oneself
Intrapersonal
Communication
Communication between one person to another
Interpersonal Communication
Use of electronic media
Extended Communication
The role of that communication plays in organizational contexts
Organizational Communication
Communication between or among people of different cultural backgrounds
Intercultural Communication
types of communication (purpose & style) (2)
formal
informal
Uses formal language
Formal
Communication
Uses personal, casual, and spontaneous language
Informal
Communication
refers to the environment where the interaction takes place. It can be in the form of physical, psychological, and cultural.
Context
is the source and encoder of the message, and the initiator of the communication process.
Sender (or encoder)
is the information, ideas, feelings, opinion, thought, attitude, and view the sender wants to deliver to the receiver.
Message
is the means or tool to transmit the
message.
Channel (or medium)
is the barrier that affects the message from being sent, received, or understood.
Noise
is the audience of the communication process who decodes the message.
Receiver (or decoder)
refers to the response of the receiver to the message received.
Feedback
communication models (6)
- aristotle’s
- lasswell’s
- berlo’s
- shannon-weaver’s
- schramm’s
- wood’s
principles of communication (5)
transactional
inevitable
irreversible
goal-oriented
complex
refers to the growth of economic, political, and cultural assimilation and interconnectedness of different culture which result in the integration of people across the globe
(Gamble et al., 2013).
Globalization
Role of Media in the Globalization Process (6)
- cultural exchange
- greater tolerance
- increased flow of information
- learning of different languages
- technological innovation
- social movement
This exchange has led to greater cultural understanding and
appreciation, and a more tolerant and accepting world.
cultural exchange
Through media, people have been
exposed to different perspectives and lifestyles, leading to a more tolerant and accepting world.
greater tolerance
Today, people can access information from anywhere in the world at any time, leading to a more informed and connected world.
increased flow of information
With the rise of globalization, learning a foreign language has become a necessity. Media has made it possible for people to learn foreign languages through music, movies, television shows, and online language courses.
learning of different languages
have transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business, leading to a more
interconnected and integrated world
technological innovation
have transformed the way people communicate, access information, and do business, leading to a more
interconnected and integrated world.
social movement
Impact of Globalization to Communication
According to Nikolay Danev, globalization has had a powerful
impact on global communication. (4)
standardization of communication
increased connectivity
cultural exchange
new challenges
The term glocalization was introduced by ???,
a British sociologist who used it to describe the interaction between global and local cultures.
Roland Robertson
is a process of embracing both universal and local values, and places these in a familiar context.
Glocalization
the primary means of communication during the new normal.
virtual communication
refers to the exchange of information and ideas using technology-mediated channels, such as email, instant messaging, video conferencing, social media, and other forms of digital communication.
Virtual communication
It allows people to communicate and collaborate with others
who are geographically distant or physically separated.
Virtual communication
Impact of Virtual Communication (4)
- easier & quicker connection
- misinterpretation, misunderstanding, ambiguity
- manipulating one’s identity
- emoticons
Ways to Enhance Communication in the New Normal (5)
- give people space
- empathy
- ask questions
- be forgiving
- build relationships
refers to the ability to effectively
communicate and interact with people from different cultural
backgrounds.
Intercultural competence
According to Vulpe et al. (2001), the following are the core skills of an effective intercultural communicator:
Ability to:
* express understandable and culturally sensitive
thoughts, feelings, opinions, and expectations
* engage and immerse in the local culture and language
* establish shared meanings with the local people to avoid stereotyping and miscommunication
* develop a language capacity such as using local greetings and opportunities to use the local language in other contexts
* empathize with how the locals see the world
Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication (3)
ethnocentrism
stereotypes
prejudices
It is the belief that a person’s culture is more dominant than the others.
Ethnocentrism
It refers to assigning generalized negative traits to a group of people (e.g., race, nationality, religion,
social class, sexual orientation, age, gender) even if these may only reflect a selected few of the group.
Stereotypes
These are unfair thoughts, beliefs, or feelings of dislike for a person or group because of race, nationality,
religion, gender, age, and the like.
Prejudices
Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communication (2)
assumption of similarity;
intercultural communication anxiety
It is a baseless, unreasonable
refusal to see cultural differences where they exist.
Assumption of Similarity
It refers to the fear
associated with either real or anticipated communication with
people from another cultural group.
Intercultural Communication Anxiety
refers to the shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that characterize a group or
society. It includes the way people live, communicate, interact, and understand the world around them.
Culture
Characteristics of Cultures (5)
- learned, not innate
- shared
- multifaceted
- dynamic
- overlapping
People learn culture through socialization, education, and exposure to various cultural practices and beliefs.
Cultures are learned, not innate.
Culture exists within a group or society and is shared among its members, which provides a sense of belonging and identity to individuals within the
group.
Cultures are shared.
Culture is a complex system of
beliefs and practices that reflect the diversity of human experience.
Cultures are multifaceted.
Culture is dynamic and constantly
evolving. It is shaped by various factors such as globalization, migration, technological advancements, and interactions with other cultures.
Cultures are dynamic.
People may identify with multiple cultural groups and may have different cultural identities depending on the context.
Cultures identities are overlapping.
refers to the awareness, knowledge, and appreciation of different cultural practices, beliefs, and values.
Cultural sensitivity
Developmental Model of Cultural Sensitivity [stage 1-6]
denial
defense
minimization
acceptance
adaptation
integration
People deny that cultural differences exist and assume that everyone shares the same
values and beliefs.
Stage 1: Denial
People recognize that cultural differences exist but view them negatively. They may feel threatened by people from different cultures and may view their own culture as superior.
Stage 2: Defense
People recognize cultural differences but minimize its significance. They may believe that everyone is essentially the same, and cultural differences are not important.
Stage 3: Minimization
People recognize and value cultural
differences. They understand that people from different cultures have different beliefs, values, and behaviors, and they accept and respect these differences.
Stage 4: Acceptance
People actively seek out opportunities to learn about and interact with people from different cultures. They adapt their behavior and communication style to better fit in with people from different cultural backgrounds.
Stage 5: Adaptation
People fully integrate cultural differences into their worldview and identity. They can interact effectively with people from different cultural backgrounds and respect and value diversity.
Stage 6: Integration
aims to understand and take into
account the societal and cultural factors involved in
gender-based exclusion and discrimination
Gender sensitivity
is used to describe language, policies, or measures that are intended to avoid offense or disadvantage to members of particular groups in society.
Political correctness
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 2 persons
dyadic
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 3-10 persons
small group
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 10-100 people
public speaking
TYPES OF INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION: 101+ people
mass communication
TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION:
> bottom-up
top down
horizontal
vertical
CONTEXTS:
- Physical
- Psychological
- Cultural
- Historical
TYPES OF NOISE:
physical, psychological, physiological, semantic
Laswell
Harold Dwight Laswell
aristotle (message)
persuasive
elements of aristotle’s model
ethos, pathos, logos
laswell’s model key words
medium, mass communication
aristotle’s keywords
public speaking, linear
Berlo
David Berlo
sender & receiver: must have the same level of skills to achieve understanding/comprehension
berlo’s
shannon and weaver
claude shannon; warren weaver
shannon-weaver keywords
noise
schramm
wilbur schramm
schramm keywords
circular model
> sender & receiver have interchangeable roles
both are interpreters
wood
julia wood
woods’ keywords
put emphasis on context and shared experiences (for understanding and having the same interpretation)
4 drivers of globalization
technologies, machineries, information, communication
