week 4-5 Flashcards
Language is ??? since it is constantly evolving and changing over time due to technological advancements, cultural changes, and social influences.
dynamic
English remains to be the ???, but its variety is not restricted to two types anymore (American English and
British English) because of ???
universal language;
glocalization
It is a distinguishable variant of a language.
language variety
This refers to the diverse ways in which a language is used,
ranging from differences in pronunciation and grammar to
variations in vocabulary and discourse style.
language variety
A language that emerges when two or more groups of
people who do not share a common language come into
contact with each other and need to communicate
* Has a simplified grammar, limited vocabulary, and often
have a distinctive syntax
pidgin
When pidgin becomes the first language and the mother
tongue of the community
* A distinctive language, which has taken most of its
vocabulary from another language (lexifier), but has its
own grammatical rules
* Has a more complex grammar and vocabulary than the
pidgin language
creole
The language spoken in a particular area of the country
* Can manifest in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and
syntax
regional dialect
The variety of language spoken by a particular minority
ethnic group which they use as a marker of identity, usually
alongside a standard variety
minority dialect
The languages spoken mainly as second languages in ex-
colonies with multilingual populations
- Characterized by a blending of the indigenous language
with the dominant language, resulting in a unique linguistic
form that reflects the influence of both languages.
indigenized varieties
These refer to different forms and varieties of English
used in various sociolinguistic contexts in different parts
of the world.
concept of world englishes
English belongs to the ??? family of languages.
Germanic
During ??? BCE, the Germanic tribes – (4) – began the Germanic Conquest of England.
449;
Saxons, Angles, Jutes, and Frisians
The birth of ??? from the Anglo-Saxon civilization
Old English
The influence of ??? to the English language
French
The creation of ??? with the
onset of Age of Discovery
Early
Modern English
The British empire’s gift to the globe is the ???.
English language
These circles signify “the type of
spread, the pattern of acquisition,
and the functional domains in
which English language is used
across cultures and languages”
Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English
Kachru’s Concentric Circles of English (3)
inner, outer, expanding
- English as a native language (ENL)
- First language among the people
The Inner Circle
- English as a second language (ESL)
- Former colonies
The Outer Circle
- English as a foreign language (EFL)
- The purpose for learning the English language is for communicating with the Inner and Outer Circle
The Expanding Circle
It is a variety of English that is spoken in the Philippines as a
second language. It is based on American English, but has
been influenced by the country’s history, culture, and
indigenous languages.
Philippine English
Varieties of Philippine English (3)
acrolectal
mesolectal
basilectal
It is associated with academics, bilinguals from
English-speaking homes and English majors at university
level.
Acrolectal
It is spoken by professionals who are non-English majors and who mostly use English in workplace, and who display a noticeable Philippine accent.
Mesolectal
It typically differs from the standard language in
pronunciation, vocabulary, and grammar, and can often
develop into different languages.
Basilectal
According to David Crystal (2008), ??? is defined as “a
variety of language defined according to its use in social
situations, e.g., a register of scientific, religious, formal
English (p. 409).”
register
Also known as static register, which is characterized by the
use of historic language or archaic expressions that is
intended to remain unchanged
frozen
Used in formal and professional settings where individuals
need to consult with others to make decisions or to provide
expert opinion
* Characterized by a formal tone that is respectful and polite,
and a complexity of sentences that is often used to convey
abstract or technical ideas
consultative
- Used in informal or relaxed settings such as with friends,
family, or acquaintances - Characterized by a relaxed tone, more colloquial vocabulary,
and simpler sentence structures that may include slang or
regional dialects
casual
- Used in very close relationships, such as in romantic
partnerships, close friendships, or familial relationships - Characterized by a high level of familiarity, a relaxed tone,
and a more personal vocabulary that may be unique to the
relationship - Often includes inside jokes, nicknames, and shared
experiences that are unique to the relationship
intimate
- Used in formal speaking and writing situations
- Appropriate to be used in professional writing like
business letters, position papers, and project proposals
formal
Is factual, objective, and more impersonal
formal
formal Often follows a format
prescriptive format
