week 7

Question 1

pH

Answer 1

scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution

Question 2

pCO2

Answer 2

partial pressure of carbon dioxide, reflecs amount of carbon dioxide dissolved in the blood

Question 3

HCO3

Answer 3

bicarbonate, deprotonated form of carbonic acid

Question 4

pO2

Answer 4

partial pressure of oxygen, reflects amount of oxygen dissolved in blood

Question 5

Respiratory buffer system

Answer 5

controls how much carbon dioxide produced -increase in CO2 causes decrease in pH -decrease in CO2 causes increase pH

Question 6

Renal buffer system

Answer 6

controls how much bicarbonate is made -increase in bicarbonate causes increase in pH -decrease in bicarbonate causes decrease in pH

Question 7

Metabolic Acidosis with respiratory compensation

Answer 7

-Decrease in bicarbonate with is compensated with decrease in CO2

Question 8

Physical presentation of ethylene glycol overdose

Answer 8

confusion, ataxia, hallucinations, slurred speech, and coma

Question 9

Metabolism of ethylene glycol

Answer 9

uhjj

Question 10

How does ethylene glycol cause an increase in anion gap?

Answer 10

metabolites of ethylene glycol (acids) accumulate in blood

Question 11

How does ethylene glycol increase osmolar gap

Answer 11

osmolar gap=measured gap-estimated gap measured gap: derived directly from osmometer estimated gap: 2[Na}+(glucose/18)+(BUN/2.8)

Question 12

How is sodium bicarbonate used as a buffer for metabolic acidosis?

Answer 12

sodium bicarbonate raises pH by supplying hydroide ions to the solution. Causes H+ to drop as they bind to hydroxide to form water

Question 13

four primary acid base disorders

Answer 13

1. Metabolic acidosis: decrease in bicarbonate 2. Metabolic alkalosis: increase in bicarbonate 3. Respiratory acidosis: increase in CO2 4. Respiratory alkalosis: decrease in CO2

Question 14

Hyponatremia signs and symptoms

Answer 14

• Nausea and vomiting
• Headache
• Confusion
• Loss of energy, drowsiness and fatigue
• Restlessness and irritability
• Muscle weakness, spasms or cramps
• Seizures
• Coma

Question 15

Intracellular Fluid Composition

Answer 15

consists mostly of water, dissolved ions, small molecules, and large, water-soluble molecules (such as proteins).

Question 16

Extracellular Fluid Composition

Answer 16

mainly cations and anions

• cations include: sodium (Na+ = 136-145 mEq/L), potassium (K+ = 3.5-5.5 mEq/L) and calcium (Ca2+ = 8.4-10.5 mEq/L).
• Anions include: chloride ( mEq/L) and hydrogen carbonate (HCO3- 22-26 mM).

Question 17

hyperosmotic fluid contraction

Answer 17

decrease in ECF volume; causes decreased blood volume and decreased blood pressure.

Question 18

hypoosmotic fluid expansion

Answer 18

gain of fluid into ECF; causing increase of fluid into ECF and increased blood pressure

Question 19

physiological consequences of hypernatremia

Answer 19

increase of Na in blood, causing fluid to leave cell. If these occurs too quickly, cell will shrink, can die or lose function. When this occurs in neurons will cause demylenation

Question 20

3% saline

Answer 20

Hypertonic solution; meaning high solute concentration, will cause water to be shifted into ECF when given

Question 22

Normal saline

Answer 22

Isotonic solution; allows for fluids to be given without a shift in fluid balance across ECF and ICF

Question 23

Lactated ringers

Answer 23

Isotonic solution that contains mixture of sodium chloride, sodium lactate, potassium chloride, and calcium chloride in water. It is used for replacing fluids and electrolytes in those who have low blood volume or low blood pressure and can also be used to treat metabolic acidosis in cases other than those caused by lactic acidosis

Question 24

Central Pontine Mylenolysis

Answer 24

This is caused by hypernatremia, where fluid will flow from ICF to ECF to dilute high Na concentration. When this occurs too quickly it will shrink the cells. When glial cells, which form the myelin sheaths on the axon of neurons, begin to shrink they fall off of axon thus causing myelin loss from the neuron and making impulses travel slower