week 7 Flashcards
what is the function and structures of the upper respiratory tract?
structures: nose, mouth, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
function: air filtration, humidification, temperature control (air reaching lower tract is warm, moist, filtered)
describe the structure and functions of the nasal cavity
- divided left/right by septum
- mucous membranes for air purification
- regions: vestibular (front, cilia), olfactory (smell), respiratory (warms air w veins)
what are the functions and structure of the conchae?
conchae- bones descending through nasal cavity (superior, middle, inferior)
- increases surface area and turbulence for better air filtration
what is the structure and functions of the palate?
separates nasal cavity from mouth
- hard palate (anterior, bone)
- soft palate (inferior, muscle)
- uvula in back, prevents food in nasal cavity
what are the functions and types of sinuses?
frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
functions: reduce weight of head, air warming, voice amplification
what are the functions and structure of the pharynx?
passageway (food, air, liquid)
- nasopharynx (behind nose)
- oropharynx (behind throat)
- laryngopharynx (further down)
where in the pharynx are tonsils located?
clusters of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynx and oropharynx
what is the structure and function of the larynx (voice box)?
routes food/air, vocal structures
- 8 cartilaginous plates
- epiglottis gatekeeper for food and air
what are the structures included in the lower respiratory tract?
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs (alveoli)
what is the structure and function of the trachea?
windpipe
- lined with ciliated epithelium (traps foreign matter)
- reinforced with c-shaped cartilaginous rings (support/flexibility)
what are the structural aspects of bronchi and bronchioles?
trachea -> left/right primary bronchi ->secondary bronchi -> tertiary bronchi -> bronchioles
leads to lungs
what is the conducting zone and respiratory zone?
conducting zone- bronchi and bronchioles, passageway for air to and from lungs
terminal bronchioles lead to respiratory zone
respiratory zone- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli, some gas exchange occurs in respiratory bronchioles but alveoli are main sites
what are functions and structure of alveoli (why rapid diffusion able)?
air sacs (thin, squamous epithelial cells)
- cleaned by macrophages
- O2 diffuses from alveolar sacs to capillaries, CO2 opposite way
- quick diffusion: concentration gradients, thin membranes, large SA
what is the structure of the lungs and pleural sac?
lungs
- divided into lobes by fissures
- right lung: superior, middle, inferior lobes
- left lung: superior, inferior lobes
pleural sac
- double-layered membrane surrounding lungs
- secretes fluid for smooth lung movement
what is Boyle’s law?
pressure is inversely proportional to volume of gas, to inhale pressure in the lungs must be less than atmospheric pressure and vice versa
explain the neural and chemical factors that control respiration
neural
- medulla oblongata and pons in brainstem
- medulla sets pace, pons fine-tunes
- stretch receptors in alveoli and bronchioles regulate over-inflation
chemical
- O2 and CO2
- CO2 is primary driving force behind respiration
where are the locations and roles of central, peripheral, and mechanoreceptors?
central receptors
- monitors cerebrospinal fluid pH
- high CO2 levels lowers pH
- so breathing rate increased
peripheral chemoreceptors
- aorta, carotid arteries
- monitors blood O2 levels
mechanoreceptors
- muscles and joints
- causes initial spike in breathing when exercising
explain static/dynamic lung volume
static- measures only volume
- spirometer
- tidal volume (normal breathing volume)
- inspiratory/expiratory reserve volume (big breath in)
- total lung capacity (including residual volume)
dynamic- measures volume based on time
- flow volume meter
- diagnoses asthma, obstructive/restrictive diseases
- max expiration for 5 seconds, expiration at 1 second is measured for reference
