week 7 Flashcards by miah jensen

what is arteriosclerosis and the most common type ?

arteriosclerosis is hardening and thickening of arterial wall

most common type - artherosclerosis

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what is atherosclerosis

an inflammatory response to endothelial cell injury
plaque builds up within the vessel wall

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atherosclerosis is an ____ response to ___

inflammatory to endothelial cell injury

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what are the most common artieries afected by aherosclerosis

abdominla aorta + iliac arteries

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what are 5 commonly affected arteries by atherosclerosis?

1) abdomial aorta +iliac
2) proximal coronary
3) thoricic aorta, femoral, popliteal
4) internal carotid
5) vertebral basilar, middle cerebral

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what are some risk factors of atheroscleorsis?
what are the two top risk fators?

age + hypertesnion = 2 top
family history, hypertesnion, diabetes mellitus
dyslipidemia, smoking, a diet high in animal fat, a sedentary lifestyle

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what is dyslipidema?

imbalance of lipid in blood
- high triglycerides
high cholesterol
high LDL
low HDL

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what are the lowest density lipids

chylomicrons

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what is the good cholesterol? why is it good?

HDL
- good because it transports cholesterol away from the cells into the liver, where it can be broken down and excreted rather than being spread around the body

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compare HDL + LDL

HDL
- mainly protein
- transport cholesterol away from cell to liver for breakdown

LDL
- bad cholesterol
- mainly cholesterol
- transport cholesterol from the liver to cell
- contribute to atheroma (Plaque fomration)

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what is the bad type of cholesterol and why

LDLs are bad because they are delivered from the liver to cells, and if there is excess circulating in the blood, it contributes to atheroma (plaque) formation and can lead to atherosclerosis

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explain 6 steps of pathogeneiss of atheroscleoris

1) damage to endothelial cells
2) LDL enter the intimal layer of artery and are oxidized
3) macrophages eat up lipids –> createds foam cells –>fatty streak
4) inflammatory response - growth factors release
5) smooth muscle cell proliferation + migration from tunica media to tunica intima + fibroblasts recruited
5) Growth of extracellular matrix –> formation of fibrous cap over lipid core = fibrous plaque, which could lead to permanent atherosclerotic plaque

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smooth muscle cells migrate form ___ to __in atherosclerosi and ____cells are rectuited

tunica media to tunica interna - fibroblasts recruited

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what happens after the fibrous plaque is fromed in atherosclerosis - the rpogression?

foam cells undergo nexrosis
enzymes eat at fibrous cap
rupture
platelets activate + stick to cite
thrombus (blood clot) forms at the cite of rupture
thrombus grows into lumen of artery and can detach and travel to distal artery

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exploit the progression of atherosclerosis after plaque builds up

Foam cells within lipid core undergo necrosis
Release of enzymes taht eat at the fibrous cap
Eventual rupture
Platelets activated and adhere to site - stick to cite to plus rupture
Thrombus (blood clot) forms at the site of rupture - cause of all platelets stuck
Thrombus grows (occldues) into lumer of artery and detach and travel to occlude a distal artery

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what are 3 potential conequences of atheroscleoris

1)Ischemia - 70% of lumen occluded
- CAD - angina pectoris, MI
- PAD - claudication
2) total occlusion/plaque rupture - clot dettachment
- MI, ischemic stroke
3) weakened vessel wall
- can cause aneurism (burts of vessel wall)

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what are 2 ways to diagnose atherosclerois?

1) screening test to assess risk
HDL/LDL levels
BP
exrcise stress testing
2) imaging
- Coronary angiography
- Ultrasounds

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what are some screening tests that could be done to diagnose atheroscleoris

LDL/HDL levels
BP
exrcise stress testing

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what ar d2 appraoches to treatment for atherosclerosis

1) risk reduction
- diet/lifestule
- pharmaceutical (ant-hypertensives, chol lowering, anticoagulants)
2) surgery
- angipplasty
- bypass

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what is a balloon angioplasty?

catheter with an inflatable balloon flattens the plaque/atheroma when inflated

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what is laser angioplasty? what is it used for?

Used to treat atherosclerosis - laser disetngrates the plaque

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what is a coronary artery bypass?

Open heart surgery, where circulation is bypassed using a heart-lung machine, and the artery with plaque is physically removed and replaced with a saphenous vein formless or mammary artery
- used to treat atherosclerosis

what is angina pectoris

Chest pain due to myocardial ishemia (lack of blood flow to hear)
due to vessel occlusion or inability to vasodilate to meet perfusion demand

what is angina pecrois a warning sign for?

myocardial infarction

what is myocardial infaraction fronm?

a completely blocked coronary artery lead to rponlonged ischemia - cell necrosis and infarction

what are the 2 ways to develop infarction

thrombus breaks off and lodges in small branch athermona progresses to obstruct artery

what determines the sverity of damage in myocaridal infarction

size, location and duraiton

damage form MI may be reverrsible if restored in ___

1 hour

what are some signs and symptoms of MI

pain in chest, jaw shoulder - sudden sever or cruhsing or milder pain - present as indigestion and jaw pain pallor, sweating, nausea, dizziness, dyspnea anxiety hypotension, rapid and weak pulse due decreas CO

what are two ways to diagnose MI ?

ECG changes blood markers (released by necrotic cells) - myoglobin,

what are 3 complciaitons of MI

1) heart failure (acute or chronic) 2) sudden death due to fibrillation 3) cardiogenic shock (Acute HF): severely low CO

what are treamtent options for MI

antithrombotic therapy defibrillation to resotre nromal ehar rhytm suregery (Angioplast, coronary bypass) cardiac rehab programs: exrcise, diet, stress reduction

what is PAD due to and what does it lead to

atherosclerosis in the peripheral arteries or inflammation that leads to narowing leads to reduced blood flow to area distal to the issue

what are some signs and symtptoms of PAD

fatigue/weakness in legs intermittent claudication (often with excretion) weak peripheral pulse skin appearance - pillow, cyanotic, dry, hairless, thick toenail

what are soem treatment options for PAD

reduce risk factors increase PA peripheral vasodilatorors

what ar varicose veins ?

what is the number one physical stimulus that damages endothelial cells and causes atherosclerosis

hypertension - blood crashes up on walls and damages cells

Where does atherosclerosis most often occur

Abdominal aorta, iliac arteries, proximal coronary arteries

what are varicose veins caused by?

a defect in the valves - leaky/damaged

what are varicose veins

iregeular, dilatesd/ twisted areas of veins

what are some risk factors of varicose veins

increase BMI< pregnancy, family history, weight lifting very heavy

where are varicose veins most common?

in the legs

what is treatment options for variocse veins

comression stockings intermittent voluntary contraction when sitting can be surgically removed

what is thrombophlebitis?

thrombus development in the vein where inflammation is present (endothelial injury

waht is phlebothrobosis

thrombus forms spontaneosuly in an area without prior inflammation

Are random blood clots from covid due to thromplhlebitis or phlebotrhombosis

phlebothrombosis

what is the differnce between phlebothrombosis and thromphlebitis

thrombophlebitis has a thrombus (Blood clots) in the veins with inflammation present phlebothrombosi s has no inflammation and forms spontaneously

what are 3 factors for thrombus development?

1) endothlial injury 2) stasis of blood or sluggish blood flow 3) increased blood coagulabilityh

what are some symptoms of venosu thrombosis?

aching, brining ,tendernes sin affecetd area warmthredness edema as blood pools distal to the obstructed thrombus homans sign: pain in calf muscle upon foot dorsiflexion

someone who experiences pain in their calf upon foo tdorsifelxion may be experiencing ____ what is this test called?

venous thrombosis testthe is homans sign

how can u prevent venusosu thrombosis

compression sticking exercise to improve muscle ton and reduce stasis

what are the pharmaceuticals use dfor venous throbosis - what a bout the srugical itnevention?

anticoagulants thrombectomy