Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Week 2 - Jan 13-17 > Flashcards

Week 2 - Jan 13-17 Flashcards

1
Q

the bodyweigth is made up of ___ fluid (water) .

A

60%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

is more fluid intra or extracellular

A

intracellular - 2/3
extracellular - intersitial fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

ca 2+ is _____ ourside teh cell

A

higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what protein contribtues to solute conc in blood?

A

albumin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Metformin is a common drug prescribed to individuals with diabetes.
It’s therapeutic action results in lowering of blood sugar. Although not
it’s originally approved use, it is also prescribed to females with
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) to help regulate menstrual cycles
and improve fertility. This other use is considered:

a) Indication
b) Contraindication
c) Iatrogenic effect
d) Off-label use

A

off label use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ACE inhibitors are not recommended for use during pregnancy
because they have been shown to impair fetal growth rate and
increase the risk of spontaneous miscarriage. The effect of ACE
inhibitors on the fetus is considered a(n):
a) Hypersensitivity reaction
b) Idiosyncratic reaction
c) Iatrogenic effect
d) Teratogenic effect

A

teratogenic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is osmolarity?

A

meaure of csolute concentation - around cells or in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is thirst regulated by? where are these located?

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus (measure blood osmolarity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

if we need water soltue conc is likely ___ and ______ signal thirst

A

high, osmoreceptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do kidneys regulate fluid?

A

vary the amoutns excreted and absorbed by hormones that act on the mkdineys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

name 3 hormones that act on the kidney

A

ADH - reg water level
adlodsterone -regulated NA+. aandwayer
Atrial natuiretic peptide - gualted Na+ and wter level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which 2 hormones reg NA+ and water. level and act on the kidnts

A

aldosterone + atrial natiruetic..

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

water moves throught comparetment by ____ and ___

A

filtration and osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is filtation ?

what is osmosis

A

movemnt of water/solute form blood to ISF (high pressure to low pressure).

osmosis is the movement of water fr

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the differnce between osmosis and filtration

A

filtration is due to pressure differnece and osmosis is driven by solute concentraiton (only water).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what drives filtration at cappilaries ?
what drives osmosis (across cells)

A

hydrostatic pressue drives filtration
osmotic pressure drives osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

in osmois water moves form ___ solute to ___ solute conentration

A

lo solute conentrtion to high solut concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In our cas capillary hydrostatic pressure = _______

A

blood pressure (mean arterial pressure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

net filtration due to _____ is _____

A

net filtration due to hydrostatic pressure is frocing water out of blood (form high to low pressure)

net omotic pressure os water into blood (greater solute in blood)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

in terms of osmotic and hysdrostatic pressure what would be the result of a deficit in plasma proteins

A

decreased blood capillary osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

If the osmotic pressure of the blood dropped, more aqueous fluid would shift from the:

a) Cells into the interstitial compartment
b) Blood into the interstitial compartment
c) Interstitial compartment into the blood
d) Cells into the blood

A

Blood into the interstitial compartment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hydrsoatic pressure is nay fluid that ___

A

puts pressure o na closed container

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

why do we have more protein in blood than ICF

A

because proteins like labumin can filter thu the membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

edema is due to what? What are teh conswquence

A

excess fluid in the ICF
- consequences are swelling in tissues, functional impairment, pain, impaired circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what aer 4 possible causes of edema?
High local blood pressure Decreased osmotic pressure in. the blood Blocked or missing lymphatic vessel increased capillary permability
26
why does high local blood pressure cause edema?
increase hydroatic pressure - more fluid is moved into theintersitial space
27
what pathlological state can cause high local blood pressure and therfore edema
congestie heart failrure can lead to pulmonary edema - sever hypertesnio (>180/110) increased blood ovlume - increases prussure on walls (kidney failute, pregancy, excess fluid intake)
28
How does decreased osmotic prssure in blood lead to edema
increaesd fluid into ICF due to lowered plasma protein concentration
29
what pathologial state can cause decreased osmotic pressure in blood and therfore edema?
Kidney disease - excess protein excretion in urine malnutiriton or malabsorption --> impaired protein sytnthesis
30
how does blocking/misse dlymphatic caus edam
fludi and protein not filtered into lymphatic drainage tfor return to circulation - causes localized edema
31
what pathological states are associted with blcok/missing lympahtic vessel
tumor blocking lymphatic drainage, lumph node remvoal
32
how does increased cap permeability cause edema
excess flow of luid into ICF - protein movementent also icnrease the osmotic pressure of ICF
33
what patholoogical states cause increase cap permability
inflmattory response infection allergic reaction
34
protein movement from increaseed cappilary permeability cayses ____ in ICF osmotic pressure
increas protein = increase pressure
35
Which cause is responsible for the following edema formation? abdominal swelling due to starvation
decrease osmotic pressure in the blood - plasma protein loss
36
Which cause is responsible for the following edema formation? ankle swelling due to CVD
High blood pressure
37
Which cause is responsible for the following edema formation? swollen arm following mastectomy (surgical removal of breast)/
obstuction/loss lymphatic vessle
38
Which cause is responsible for the following edema formation? swelling that accompanies theacute inflmatory response?
increased cappillary permeability
39
whar are some common causes of dehdyration and sing/symptoms
causes: insuff fluid intake swetain,gdiarrhea, comiting, excess extetion in urine TYPE 1/2 diabetes - diurteics leads ot excess exretion in urine signs/sympt: thirs, drymtouh/lip fatigue, nausea, lightheaded, dizzy, irritable, confusion, dark decreased urine, decreased skin turgor, decreaed BP and incr HR (BP equiv to BV) pale, cool skin
40
what is Na+ critical for
volume + osmolarity of ECF conduction of nerves, muscle contaction, cell fucntion
41
what is hypo/hypernatramia are some causes of each
hypo - losing more Na+ than wate ,gaining more water than NA+ cause: execess water intake, vomiting, diar, low-salt diet, sweating hyper - gaining more Na+ than water, losing more water than Na+ casuses: excess water loss high salt intake insuff water intake
42
in hyponatremia theres is ___ Na+ in ECF water moves _____ cellss.
decrease - water moces into cells
43
signs/symptoms of hyponatremia
Skeletal muscle cramps, weakness, fatigue - Nausea/vomiting, diarrhea - Headache, confusion, seizures, com
44
in hypernatremia there is ____ Na+ in ECF, water moces ____ cell
increase Na+ - water moves out of cell -
45
signs/symptoms of hypernatremia
Increased thirst / Decreased urine output, dry mucous membranes - Headache, agitation, seizures, coma
46
what is K+ imortant for
maintaining cell resting membrean potential, essential function in excitable tissues: nerve condition, muscle contraction
47
what is hypokalemia and causes?
decreased K+ in blood, caused by inadequate intake, K+ loss, or K+ entering vells - diahrea vomitting, alkalosis
48
what are teh sign/symp of hypokalemia
muscle cramping, weakness, cardiac dysryhtmia and cardiac arrest
49
what is hyperkalemia? casuse?
increaes K+ in blood form build up in ECF, more K+ leaving cells casues: K+reteiton (hormones, kidnets), tissue damage, acidosis
50
signs and symtpoms of hyperkalemia
tingling, numbness, muscle cramping, weakness, paralysis, cardiac dysrythmeia and cardiac arrest
51
hypokalemia ____ resitng memebrane protential
decrease
52
ane is running the Boston Marathon on a very hot day. Her only source of fluid replenishment is water. What might Jane be most at risk of?
hyponatreimia
53
waht 3 mechanisms regulate acid-base balnce in the body
buffer in blood (bicarbonate-carbinic acid buffer) 2_) repsiratory sytem. - reg of CO2 in blood 30 kdineys - excreiton/reabsoprtion of H+ and Hco3-
54
what is the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer sytem eqution
h20 + co2 HCo3- + H+
55
what is respiratory acidosis due to metabloc acidosis?
increase co2 due to decrease HCO3- - excess acid
56
what are some acute/chronic causes of respiratory acidosis
pneumonia, airway obstuction, chest injurt, dgug ovs chronic: COPD,emphysema, pulmonary edema due to congestive HF
56
what is respiratory alkalosis due to metbaloic alkalosis?
decreas CO2 increaes HCO3- (decreae acid in blood)
57
what are some metabloc and respiratory compensation for resp acidosis?
metabolic - kidney reabsorb HCO3- and exrete H+ resp - increase reat and depth fo breathing
58
what are some metabloc and respiratory compensation for metabolic acidosis
metabolic - kidneys reabsorb HCo3- + excret H_ resp -hyperventilation to expel more co2
59
causes of metabolic acidosis
Excess HCO3- loss from diarrhea * Increased buffering due to acid build up (lactic acid, ketoacidosis) * Hyperkalemia * Kidney disease or failure – decreased excretion of acids/decreased production of HCO3
60
causes and comensation of respiratory alkalosis
hyperventilation - anxiety, high fever, high altitude (hypoxia) compnestaion metabolic - kidneys exrete HCO3 - and reabsorb H+ resp - rebreathing
61
causes and comensation of metbaolic alkalosis
cause: - excess HCL loss from stomach (comitting_ - hypokalemia - excess ingestion of antaids compensation metbaolic: kidneys excrete hco3- and rabsorb H+ respiratory: hypoventilation to icnrease Co2 level in blood
62
low pH is less than ___ high pH is greater than__
less than 7.35, (acidosis) greater than 7.45 (alkalosis)
63
What would a blood serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?
metabolic acidosis
64
Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema? a) Respiratory alkalosis b) Respiratory acidosis c) Metabolic acidosis d) Metabolic alkalosis
respiratory acidosis
65
An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation, leading to a) Metabolic acidosis b) Decreased PaCO2 c) Respiratory acidosis d) Increased PaCO2
b) Decreased PaCO2
66
A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to: a) Hypercalcemia b) Hyperkalemia c) Hyponatremia d) Hypokalemia
d) Hypokalemia

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions