week 7 Flashcards
What was a key trend in the professionalization of police forces in 18th-century Europe?
Shift from community policing to professionalized forces, including full-time roles, fixed salaries, formalized rules, and higher competence.
What are some examples of reforms in European urban policing during the 18th century?
Lyon: Increased salaries for commissaires (1780-1788).
Ghent: Replaced citizen militias with professional watchmen (1752).
How did neighborhood policing persist in 18th-century Europe?
Through community organizations like:
Ruages in Valenciennes (revived in 1768).
Dizeniers in Toulouse (police auxiliaries with expanded roles).
Ottine captains in Naples (mediators and record-keepers).
Why were former soldiers often recruited into urban police forces?
Soldiers were disciplined, skilled, and respected. Militarized policing included uniforms, ranks, and barrack-like housing for officers.
2 scholars who studied premodern European policing.
Cyrille Fijnaut: Dutch police history.
Clive Emsley: Critiques of London police reforms.
Who introduced the concept of “governmentality,” and what does it describe?
Michel Foucault. Governmentality describes governance techniques distinct from sovereignty and discipline, focusing on managing populations through knowledge and intervention.
What is the key focus of Foucault’s governmentality framework?
Identifying rationalities, techniques, and objectives of governance, emphasizing historical contingency rather than a linear progression of power.
What are examples of governance techniques discussed in Foucault’s work?
Discipline: Norm-setting and monitoring (e.g., monastic schedules, military organization).
Biopolitics: Managing populations using statistics and public health initiatives.
Which scholars extended Foucault’s ideas on governmentality?
Jacques Donzelot: Shifted focus from state power to broader governance strategies.
Nikolas Rose: Explored governing “at a distance.”
What does “discipline” as a technology of power entail?
Establishing norms and enforcing conformity through constant but minimal monitoring and comparison (e.g., surveillance architecture).
What is biopolitics, according to Foucault?
Governing populations by addressing public health, labor, and demographic trends through statistical analysis and targeted interventions.
How did Foucault differentiate governmentality from sovereignty?
Sovereignty focuses on direct command and loyalty to a ruler, while governmentality involves broader techniques for managing populations and their environments
