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Philology 3 > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

The language of Iceland

A

A conservative language, few loanwords, morphology relatively conservative (case, number, gender, person, mood, inflections).

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2
Q

What does lexical legacy tell us?

A

It tells us a lot about the nature of contact.

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3
Q

The most frequently used English vocabulary today

A

Old English (32%)

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4
Q

What plays a role in the distribution of words in actual usage?

A

Style

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5
Q

The Norsemen

A

From c. 750 AD there were Vikings raids and invasions.
• Dialects had diverged (separated)
• Roughly same areas OE’s ancestors came from
• Mutually intelligible (?)

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6
Q

Which areas of Germanic are closely related?

A

West and North Germanic

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7
Q

Basics of the Danelaw

A
  1. c. 865: full Viking military invasion
  2. Battle of Edington: Alfred the Great vs. Guthrum
  3. Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum (Wedmore): lasting peace through permanent settlement for Scandinavians
  4. Alfred’s successors: stole bits back and vice versa
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8
Q

Danelaw results

A
  1. (Language/dialect) contact.
  2. Some degree of political control: new language, some prestige (north and east).
  3. Intermarriage.
  4. Foreign but also familiarities.
  5. Linguistic two-way accommodation.
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9
Q

Viking traces

A
  1. -by ‘abode, village’: Rugby, Derby, Whitby, Kexby
  2. -toft ‘homestead’: Lowestoft, Langtoft (Norwegian)
  3. -Thorpe/throp ‘village’ (North): Scunthorpe (Danish)
  4. thwaite ‘field, woodland clearing’: Slaithwaite (Norwegian)
  5. kirk ‘church’: Ormskirk
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10
Q

Linguistic legacy: OE form and ON meaning

A
  1. Dream (OE joy)
  2. Bread (OE piece)
  3. Earl (OE hero, warrior)
  4. Dwell (OE stray, tarry)
  5. Starve (OE die)
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11
Q

What is the Danelaw and when did it occur?

A

The Viking military invasion and settlement in England around 865 AD.

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12
Q

What was the significance of the Battle of Edington?

A

Alfred the Great defeated Guthrum, who converted to Christianity under the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum.

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13
Q

What impact did the Treaty of Alfred and Guthrum have?

A

It established peace through Scandinavian settlement.

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14
Q

How did Viking settlements impact English political and linguistic structures?

A

Some Viking language gained prestige in the north and east, and there was intermarriage and linguistic accommodation.

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15
Q

Name some place names of Viking origin in England and their meanings.

A

-by (village): Rugby, Whitby; -toft (homestead): Lowestoft; -thorpe (village): Scunthorpe.

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16
Q

List some core vocabulary words from Old Norse that became part of English.

A

Sister, leg, neck, bag, cake, dirt, fellow, fog, knife, skill, skin, sky, window.

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17
Q

What change did Old Norse influence bring to English function words?

A

Words like “till,” “they,” “their,” “them,” “both,” “though,” and “are” were adopted from Old Norse.

18
Q

Give examples of words with recycled forms due to Norse influence.

A

Skirt (from ON) and shirt (OE); skin (ON) and shin (OE).

Norse typically no palatalisation or i-mutation.

19
Q

What are some words in Scots and Northern English that have Norse origins?

A

Bairn (child), clegg (horse fly), kilt (to fold), frae (from), drookit (drenched), braw (beautiful), burn (river).

20
Q

Who were the key figures in the Norman conquest of England?

A

Harold Godwinson, William the Bastard (later William the Conqueror), and Harald Hardrada.

21
Q

What was the result of the Battle of Stamford Bridge?

A

Harold Godwinson defeated Harald Hardrada, shortly before William the Conqueror’s invasion.

22
Q

What linguistic consequence did the Norman Conquest have on England?

A

Norman French and Latin became the languages of the court and administration, while English remained the common language.

23
Q

How much of the English population spoke Norman French after the conquest?

A

Likely only about 10%, and the elite eventually switched to English.

24
Q

What is typically not found in Old Norse?

A

Typically no palatalisation or i-mutation.

25
Q

What is a key difference in inflectional endings between Old Norse and Old English?

A

Old Norse used -s or -sk endings for many verbs and words, but never used the -th ending that was common in Old English.

26
Q

How did Old Norse inflectional endings influence Old English?

A

Old English traditionally did not use -s in verb paradigms, e.g., “telleth” (he/heo/hit/hie telleth), while Old Norse forms like “telja” introduced -s endings. Inflectional endings, especially in second languages (L2), are prone to changes due to misinterpretation or pronunciation differences.

27
Q

When did Cnut die? And Edward?

A

1042, 1066

28
Q

How many French loanwords were introduced during the first phase of Norman influence (1066-1250)?

A

About 1,000 loanwords, mainly related to law, feudalism, food, fashion, and art.

29
Q

Give examples of French loanwords introduced in English law during the Norman period.

A

Justice, judge, plead, accuse, petty.

30
Q

What French terms related to feudalism were introduced by the Norman elite?

A

Baron, servant, prince, duke.

31
Q

Name some French food-related loanwords that entered English after the Norman Conquest.

A

Venison, pork, mutton, veal, beef, sauce, boil, soup.

32
Q

During the second phase of Norman influence (1250-1500), approximately how many French loanwords entered English?

A

About 10,000 loanwords.

33
Q

Why did more French loanwords enter English between 1250-1500?

A

Increased bilingualism and the growing presence of English in written records made these borrowings more visible.

34
Q

What are “legal doublets,” and provide examples introduced by Norman French.

A

Pairs of words with similar meanings, like “acknowledge and confess,” “breaking and entering,” “fit and proper,” “keep and maintain,” “land and tenements.”

35
Q

What shift in French influence occurred after 1250 in England?

A

Central French influence overtook Anglo-Norman, bringing terms like “convey” and “convoy,” “reward” and “regard,” “wile” and “guile,” “warden” and “guardian.

36
Q

How did English and French suffixes interlace in English vocabulary?

A

Hybrid derivations emerged, such as hindrance, endearment, disbelief, quarrelsome, useless, grateful, combining French and Germanic elements.

37
Q

How did the Norman influence affect high-frequency versus content words in English?

A

High-frequency words mostly stayed Old English, while content words were borrowed from French.

38
Q

What kind of morphological changes did Norman influence accelerate in English?

A

Case loss and the adoption of Scandinavian pronouns, conjunctions, and inflections, particularly in Northern dialects.

39
Q

How did hybrid derivation reflect Norman-English contact intensity?

A

English often used English suffixes with French words (e.g., youthful), and French suffixes with English words (e.g., knowable), showcasing deep linguistic intermingling.

40
Q
A

Philology 3 (16 decks)

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