week 7 Flashcards
and workshop 4
Outcomes of the Immune Response:
Neutralization: Antibodies like IgM neutralize pathogens by binding to them, preventing them from infecting cells.
Opsonization: IgG antibodies tag pathogens for destruction by immune cells like phagocytes.
Killing of Target Cells: The immune system can directly kill foreign or altered cells, including those bearing tumor antigens.
Inflammation: The immune response can trigger inflammation, which is essential for fighting infections but can also cause tissue damage if unchecked
Types of Primary Immunodeficiency
People with primary immunodeficiency (PI) have an immune system that does not work correctly. This means that people with PI are more likely to get and become very sick from infections.
the types of primary immunodeficiency:
- Antibody Deficiencies:• Panhypogammaglobulinemia: Think of “pan” as all-encompassing (like a “panorama” view), meaning a decrease in all antibodies, leading to many infections.
• Selective IgA Deficiency: “Selective” means only IgA is affected, and since it’s the most common, picture someone “selectively” choosing something common. Can be asymptomatic but may result in infections. - Cell-Mediated Immunity Deficits:• SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency): “Combined” = both T and B cells affected, so think of “severe” infections from both types being knocked out.
• DiGeorge Syndrome: “Di” = two; focus on a dual issue, with T-cells affected due to thymus problems. Think “DiGeorge” for thymus and T-cells. - Phagocyte Deficits:• Chronic Granulomatous Disease: “Granulomatous” = forming granulomas (due to ineffective phagocytosis), and think of phagocytes unable to “eat up” bacteria because they can’t produce bactericidal oxygen radicals.
All Sick Cats Despise Chronic Germs”
• All – Antibody Deficiencies (Panhypogammaglobulinemia, Selective IgA Deficiency) • Sick – SCID (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) • Cats – Cell-Mediated Immunity Deficits (DiGeorge Syndrome) • Despise – Deficits (Phagocyte Deficits) • Chronic Germs – Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Types of Secondary Immunodeficiency
immune system becomes weakened or compromised due to external factors such as infection or medications or medical conditons
Malnutrition: Reduced production of immune components due to poor nutrition.
Infections: Such as HIV, which leads to acquired immunodeficiency (AIDS).
Drugs: Immunosuppressive drugs, such as corticosteroids and cyclosporine, used in transplants or autoimmune diseases.
Burns/Nephrotic Syndrome/Protein-losing Enteropathy: Conditions that result in the loss of immune components or increased catabolism
Three Types of Clinical Rejection
Hyperacute Rejection: Occurs within minutes to hours due to preformed antibodies attacking the donor tissue (Type II hypersensitivity reaction). It leads to endothelial damage, inflammation, and thrombosis.
Acute Rejection: Occurs within weeks or months, involving both antibody- and cell-mediated reactions (Type IV hypersensitivity). This results in graft vessel vasculitis and lymphocytic infiltrates.
Chronic Rejection: Takes months to years to develop and involves both antibody and cell-mediated reactions (Type II and IV hypersensitivity). It leads to fibrosis, thickening of the basement membrane, and progressive organ failur
Describe Graft verse Host disease
Graft-versus-Host Disease (GVHD) occurs when grafted immune cells recognize the host’s tissues as foreign and mount an immune attack. This is a major complication in bone marrow transplants and can occur 7 to 14 days after the transplant. rejection!
Symptoms: Skin rash, Fever, Hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), Bloody diarrhea, Breathlessness
Progression:
GVHD can be fatal, with a mortality rate of 70% in severe cases and 30% in milder cases.
Difficult to Eradicate: Once GVHD begins, it is challenging to control or reverse, making it a serious complication
whats this?
Primary Deficits in cell-mediated immunity
Absence of thymic shadow in adult ct
whats this?
Primary Deficits in cell-mediated immunity
Absence of thymic shadow. in infant ct
what disease is depicted here?
Name: Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) - its Primary deficits in phagocyte function
Tissue:Granulomatous tissue: This tissue forms in response to chronic inflammation where the immune system attempts to wall off substances it cannot eliminate.
Organ:Can affect various organs, commonly the lungs, skin, liver, and gastrointestinal tract.
Key Features Seen in Histology: Presence of multiple abscesses.
Formation of non-caseating granulomas (granulomas without central necrosis).
Giant cells (multinucleated cells) within the granulomas.
cause:Failure to produce bactericidal oxygen radicals (NADPH oxidase deficiency).
Phagocytes are unable to kill certain bacteria and fungi because they can only use hydrogen peroxide from the pathogens themselves to generate reactive oxygen species.
This leads to the formation of granulomas as the body attempts to contain the infection.
symptoms: recurrent infection, pneumonia, chronic diarrhea, pulmonary and skin.al rate
what is Primary Complement Deficiency
- Inherited
- Varied manifestations
- C1, C4 or C2 deficiency = red cheeks, chronic nephritis
- C3 deficiency (usually secondary) = Life threatening;Pneumonia
Primary Complement Deficiency
Example
Hereditary angioedema
* Deficiency in C1 inhibitor
* Recurrent attacks of oedema = swelling (intestines and larynx, ariways)
tumour meaning
A tumor is an abnormal mass of tissue that may be benign, premalignant, or cancerous
Malignant
Abnormal cells divide without control and can invade nearby tissues
Benign
– Non-invasive, non-aggressive neoplasia.
Proto-oncogenes meaning
– Proto-oncogenes are a group of genes that cause normal cells to become cancerous when they are mutated.
The role of p53
supress uncontrolled cell growth. They are not specific to benign or malignant tumours and not all tumours of a certain type may express
the protein. Neoplastic cells commonly express normal proteins, that are commonly expressed under normal physiological conditions.
Grave’s Disease symptoms
what organ is this, the cell features and the pathological process observed?
healthy kidney, has glomerolus and tubules. dense interstitial
inflammatory infiltrate is observed.
what is this?
diseased kidney, as seen by the mononuclear inflammatory cells which are a type of infiltrate.
What is the differential diagnosis? e best test to confirm the diagnosis? patient can develop?
Acute rejection, Screening for donor-specific antibodies, Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (remember, cancer risk is increased in transplanted
kidneys)
