week 10 Flashcards
blood disorders and workshop 5
Erythrocytes function
= increase oxygen diffusion, Haemoglobin
- Describe blood components
- Erythrocytes; Non-nucleated (RBC)
- Leukocytes; have nucleus usually the largest cell type of coloured purple
- platelets; non-nucleated (small)
Erythrocytes Disorders
- Anaemia= <Haemoglobin concentration or reduction in haematocrit
2.Polycythaemia = Increase in RBC concentration
* Increase in haemoglobin
* Increase in haematocrit
Anaemia caused by
Decrease in MCV
* Decrease in MCH
Genetic and acquired forms of Anaemia.
common types of anaemia
Common
* Anisocytosis = variation in RBC size
* Poikilocytosis = abnormal shape RBC
Anaemia refers to
anaemia refers to a reduction in hemoglobin concentration in the blood, leading to decreased oxygen-carrying capacity.
symptoms of anemia include
Increased heart rate
Fatigue, weakness
Pallor of the skin
Headaches and mild fever
causes of anaemia
Causes of anemia include blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, or increased red blood cell destruction
Normal Erythrocyte Diagnostics:
Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): Measures the average size of red blood cells. Normal range in adults: 80-96 fL/red cell.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): Amount of hemoglobin per red cell. Normal range in adults: 27-33 picograms (pg)/cell.
Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): Concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red cells. Normal range in adults: 33-36 g/d
General Anaemia Classifications:
Microcytic/Hypochromic Anemia:
Characterized by smaller-than-normal red cells (low MCV) and reduced hemoglobin (low MCH).
Common causes: iron deficiency, thalassemia.
Macrocytic Anemia:
Characterized by larger-than-normal red cells (high MCV).
Common causes: Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency (megaloblastic anemia).
Normocytic/Normochromic Anemia:
Red cells are of normal size and hemoglobin content but reduced in number.
Causes: acute blood loss, bone marrow failure, most hemolytic anemias
Cellular Anaemic Variants:
Iron Deficiency Anemia: Causes hypochromic microcytic red cells (pale, small RBCs).
Megaloblastic Anemia: Due to Vitamin B12 or folate deficiency; causes macrocytic red cells (larger RBCs).
Sickle Cell Anemia: Inherited form that results in sickle-shaped red cells under low oxygen conditions. Causes chronic hemolytic anemia and vaso-occlusion.
Thalassemia: Genetic disorder affecting hemoglobin synthesis, resulting in microcytic hypochromic anemia.
Hereditary Spherocytosis: Red cells are spherical and lack deformability, leading to their premature destruction in the spleen
whats this?
Hypochromic microcytic anaemia of iron deficiency. Hypochromic refers to red blood cells (RBCs) that have less hemoglobin than normal, resulting in a pale appearance. Microcytic refers to smaller-than-normal RBCs, which is characteristic of iron deficiency anemia.
The RBCs in the image appear both pale (due to reduced hemoglobin content) and small, which are hallmarks of iron deficiency.
Anemia causes a reduction in….
the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity.
Three Classifications of Anemia:
Dyshaemopoietic Anemia: Caused by production failure (e.g., iron deficiency, vitamin B12 deficiency).
Haemorrhagic Anemia: Caused by excessive blood loss.
Haemolytic Anemia: Caused by excessive destruction of RBCs
whats this
- Dyshaemopoietic
(Production failure)
Anaemias, specifically iron deficiency anemia the most common cause of anaemia. - Iron Deficiency Anemia leads to the production of microcytic (small) and hypochromic (pale) red blood cells. This is due to a lack of sufficient iron needed for hemoglobin production.
Causes of iron deficiency anemia include
Increased requirements (e.g., pregnancy, growth spurts)
Malabsorption (e.g., conditions that reduce iron absorption like celiac disease)
Malnutrition (poor dietary intake of iron)
what is this?
This image highlights various Dyshaemopoietic (Production Failure) Anemias, particularly those related to Vitamin B12, folate deficiency, and Pernicious Anaemia. Histological feature: Hypersegmented neutrophils, which are a hallmark of megaloblastic anemia.
whats this
- This image shows spherocytes, which are red blood cells that appear round and lack the normal biconcave shape. This is characteristic of hereditary spherocytosis, a type of hemolytic anemia.
- This condition is caused by a defect in the erythrocyte membrane proteins, particularly spectrin or ankyrin, leading to membrane instability.
- Splenectomy is often performed in severe cases to reduce the hemolysis and anemi
what is this?
Neutrophils
* Most abundant WBC
* Granulated – enzymes, lysozymes
* Spend 14 days in bone marrow
* Neutrophil half life is 6-9 hours
* Therefore peripheral neutrophils only 10% of all neutrophils
whats this?
Lymphocytes
Large round nucleus
* T and B forms
* Stimulate and regulate the immune system
this?
Monocytes
* Largest
* Curved, single lobed nucleus
* Similar function to neutrophil
* Enter tissue
* Form macrophage
* Phagocytose
Eosinophil
* Large red granules
* Lobulated nucleus
* Important in mediating allergy
* Defence against parasites
What’s this
Basophil
* Least abundant
* Large blue/black granules obscure nucleus
* Contain Heparin and histamine
* Involved in hypersensitivity
* Act like mast cells
what is this?
qualitative leukocyte disorders, specifically focusing on hypersegmented neutrophils and toxic granulation.
Key Features in the Image:
Hypersegmented Neutrophils: These are neutrophils with more than the normal number of nuclear segments (typically 6 or more lobes), often seen in megaloblastic anemia (due to vitamin B12 or folate deficiency).
Toxic Granulation: This refers to the presence of dark, coarse granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils, which can occur during severe infections or inflammatory conditions, such as sepsis.
what is this
This image likely represents a bone marrow aspirate or peripheral blood smear in a case of leukemia or another bone marrow disorder. The image shows:
Numerous abnormal cells: Large cells with abnormal nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratios, including blasts (immature white blood cells), which are typical in leukemias.
Prominent purple-stained nuclei in many of the cells, which suggests the presence of immature or neoplastic leukocytes.
Increased cellularity: There appears to be a significant number of white blood cells, possibly indicating a proliferative disorder such as acute leukemia.
Give 3 abnormal features of the
myocardium pictured:
Coagulative Necrosis: The myocardial fibers appear wavy and lack nuclei, which indicates coagulative necrosis due to ischemia. This is typical of myocardial infarction (MI) within the first 24-48 hours after the ischemic event.
Neutrophil Infiltration: There is a visible infiltration of neutrophils between the muscle fibers, which is a hallmark of acute inflammation in response to tissue injury, commonly seen in the early stages of MI (1-3 days after onset).
Loss of Cellular Detail: The myocardial cells show loss of distinct striations and structural integrity, which is another feature of ischemic damage, as the cells lose their ability to maintain their normal morphology due to the lack of oxygen and nutrients.
These findings are consistent with the early stages of a myocardial infarction and reflect the inflammatory response and tissue damage caused by the lack of blood supply to the heart muscle.
