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2150 mass extinc > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what did cyanobacteria do

A

evolve photosynthesis and formed stomatolites in proterozoic and some became chloroplasts for algae

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2
Q

what did eukaryotes do

A

captured their chloroplasts

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3
Q

where did land plants evolve from

A

within charophytes (group of green algae)

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4
Q

what is a major event in terrestial ecosystem evolution

A

late silurian - small vascular plants such as cooksonia

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5
Q

when did insects and tetrapods and forests with horsetails appear

A

devonian

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6
Q

the massive radiation of insects, forests with ferns and seed plants began when

A

carboniferous

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7
Q

forests with seeds ferns and gymnosperms appeared when

A

permian

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8
Q

frogs, turtles, pterosaurs, dinosaurs and stem mammals appeared when

A

triassic

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9
Q

the jurassic was characterised by

A

angiosperm pollen, origin of crown group mammals

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10
Q

what happened in the cretaceous

A

angiosperms displaced gymnosperms and the first birds appear

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11
Q

when did modern insects, plants, birds and mammals appear

A

palaeogene

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12
Q

when did megafaunal extinctions occur

A

neogene with global cooling and biotic homogenisation

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13
Q

what is a tetrad

A

a spore in the ordovician that was moss like (bryophyte) non vascular

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14
Q

what are the 4 major groups of vascular plants

A

lycophytes (no seeds)
ferns (no seeds)
gymnosperms
angiosperms

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15
Q

what are the outgroup of ferns and seed plants

A

clubmosses
spikemossess
quillworths

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16
Q

are true mosses vascular?

A

no

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17
Q

what were mid to late palaeozoic trees

A

lycophytes (no seeds)

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18
Q

how did leaves evolve

A

from ferns and seed plants in microphyll and megapyll evolution

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19
Q

whats the difference between microphyll and megaphyll evolution

A

simple leaf structure vs complex leaf

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20
Q

what are ferns characterised by

A

megaphylls, fronds borne on a trunk and spore bearing enclosures under the leaves

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21
Q

what did the devonian ferns evolve

A

complex vascular systems

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22
Q

what did rhyniophytes have and when did they exist

A

during the silurian and devonian, they had simple branches and sporangia but no leaves or roots

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23
Q

in the devonian when the CO2 dropped and O2 rose, what caused the mass marine extinctions

A

global cooling

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24
Q

what characterises primitive pterosaurs

A

long tails, smaller body size like a modern bird

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25
Q

what characterises derived pterosaurs

A

large size range from very large to modern bird size.

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26
Q

what clade is dinosaurs

A

ornithodira

27
Q

what happened in the PETM

A

migration of primates and plants north
evolution of small body size in mammal

28
Q

what was no characteristic of south america before great american interchange

A

mammthos and mastodoons

29
Q

what are whales and who are they closely related to

A

they are even toed ungulates related to hippos.

30
Q

what was vegetation stage 0

A

archaen eon when there was no evidence of vegetation in terrestial realm

31
Q

where did land plants evolve from

A

within charophytes (green algae)

32
Q

when were the earliers land plant macrofossils found

A

in the silurian and early devonian

33
Q

describe the microphyll evolution

A

intially, there is a vascular tissue with a protuding scale. then a simple leaf grows into that scale

34
Q

how many fern species are thee

A

12,000 species

35
Q

what key plant adaptation changed ecosystems in the devonian

A

stronger tissues
vascular systems
leaves
stomata
roots
seeds

36
Q

what environmental conditions changed ecosystems in the devonian

A

less atmospheric Co2
more O2
forest canopies
deep soils
leaf litter

37
Q

when did terrestial arachnids evolve

A

devonian

38
Q

what is a key terrestial lagestatte in the early devonian

A

Rhynie Chert, the fossiles preserved in siliceous hot spring deposits. they are the oldest vascular plants and oldest insects

39
Q

what is the oldest insect

A

rhyniella praecursor

40
Q

what is the closest living relative of tetrapods

A

lungfishes

41
Q

when did the transition from fish to tetrapod happen

A

devonian

42
Q

what characterised carboniferous and permian

A

seed ferns, swamps, large radiation of insects (due to evolution of flight)

43
Q

when did amphibians (frogs) and amniotes (reptiles) split

A

carbonifeous

44
Q

when did the reptiles and synapsids (amniotes) split

A

carboniferous

45
Q

what did the synapsids lead to

A

mammals

46
Q

what was characteristic of triassic amphibians

A

larger size

47
Q

when did modern amphibians split

A

late carboniferous

48
Q

what is the order of groups that lead to mammals

A

synapsids > therapids > mammals

49
Q

what are gymnosperms

A

group of seed plants such as cycads, gingkos

50
Q

what are the 4 major groups of gymnosperms

A

conifers, cycads, gingko and gnetophytes

51
Q

characteristics of conifers

A

adapted to cold, dry climate (not podocarpaceae and araucariaceae
needle like leaves with thick cuticles
seeds within tough scales
scales arranged in cones

52
Q

what were mesozoic forests dominated by (vegetation)

A

dominated by conifers

53
Q

when did moths, flies, wasps (holometabola) radiate

A

in the triassic

54
Q

when did the first frogs, turtles ichthyosaurs appear

A

triassic

55
Q

when did dinosaurs appear, radiate and what group

A

triassic in the ornithodira clade, and during the late triassic after the carnian-norian boundary

56
Q

why were dinosaurs rare through triassic

A

because other mammals, inverts existed and dominated

57
Q

what lagestatte is key in the cretaceous

A

chinas jehol group in northeast china as it preserves complete ecosystems

58
Q

what is the most common fossil in the jehol group

A

birds

59
Q

what are the 3 vertebrates that evolved true flight

A

bats, birds and pterosaurs

60
Q

what clade does angiosperms largely make up

A

fruit and flowers

61
Q

when were the oldest certain angiosperms

A

early cretaceous

62
Q

what happened after the K-Pg extinction in terms of isolation

A

4 large regions were isolated
> Australidelphia
> afrotheria
> Xenarthra
> Euarchontoglires + Laurasiatheria

63
Q

what happeend in the palaeocene eocene boundary

A

PETM - global warming event which impacted plants, mammals evolved smaller body sizes and northward migration of animals and plants

64
Q
A

2150 mass extinc (5 decks)

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