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2150 mass extinc > week 6 - fossil record > Flashcards

week 6 - fossil record Flashcards

1
Q

what does the fossil record tell us about patterns

A

existence of extinct forms, exact nature of morphological transitions, changes in biogeography and geological time scale

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2
Q

what does the fossil record tell us about processes

A

the causes of mass exintictions, rules governing changes in biodiveristy and controls on changes in morphology

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3
Q

who were the 3 lead scientists for macroevolutionary research

A

stephen jay gould, jack sepkoski and dave raup

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4
Q

what was stephen jay gould known for

A

punctuated equilibrium model

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5
Q

what is the puncuated equilibrium model

A

xyz plot that shows morphological change over time and that evolution occurs in short bursts

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6
Q

what does the punctuated equilibrium model tell us

A

morphological change occurs during speciation, random drift takes over at this time and species dont change much over speciation events.

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7
Q

describe the trend for fossil mammal species

A

during the cretaceous, equilibrium caused a lower limit for body mass. There is a strong trend for medium size species growth over time.

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8
Q

describe the diverisity curves

A

the cambrian explosion was very fast followed by paleozoic diveristy being high and compared to the cenozoic radiation- its low. which means the net increase was small.

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9
Q

what was wrong with old fossil data

A

not enough fossil data and not much variation.

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10
Q

what was wrong with sepkoskis database

A

only recorded first and last appearances

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11
Q

what is the competition based logistic model

A

diverisity changed a little because competition forces it to an equilibrium
- competition never stops
organisms in places with more resources thrive better.

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11
Q

what is the edge effect for sampling biases

A

species counts peak in the middle

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11
Q

what is the logisitcs model, why do big radiations occur?

A

big radiations occur when theres increases in carrying capacity, new regions with suitable resources is colonised, competition displacement (dinosaurs extinct, mammals thrive)

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12
Q

what is a hiatus in sampling biases

A

extinctions cluster because no preservation is found between groups

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13
Q

what is the signor lipps (extinction smearing) effect in sampling biases

A

diveristy loss seems gradual because of small sampling.

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14
Q

what is the chance of surviving the cenozoic

A

12%

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15
Q

what were the big 5 mass extinctions

A

end ordovician
late devonian
permo - triassic (P-Tr)
triassic - jurassic (Tr-J)
cretaceous-palaeogene (K-Pg)

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16
Q

what was the biggest mass exitinction

A

P-Tr (83.5%)

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17
Q

what was the P-Tr ext caused by

A

volcanism in siberia releasing CO2 causing global warming, ocean acidification and ocean anoxia.

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18
Q

what might have happened in the P-Tr ext

A

might of been in pulses and maybe no major plant extinctions

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19
Q

how was the triassic-jurassic ext caused

A

volcanism

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20
Q

what major groups suffered in the t-j ext

A

no major groups other than already rare species with most losses in species and genera

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21
Q

what was the cretaceous palaeogene extinction caused by

A

an asteroid impact in chicxulub

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22
Q

how can well tell the K-Pg ext was caused by asteroid

A

the stratigraphic sections around the world

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23
Q

what extinctions were experienced in the K-Pg ext

A

almost all species

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24
Q

what happened after the K-Pg ext

A

climate change but no global mass extinctions

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25
Q

what was the fossil record like before the cambrian

A

lots of trace fossils including metazoans and lots being bilaterian meaning small worms.

26
Q

what is the most famous cambrian lagestatte

A

the burgess shale, as it provides deep time perspective of the cambrian world.

27
Q

who discovered the burgess shale

A

Charles Doolittle Walcott in 1909

28
Q

what are the three animal groups

A

Cambrian, paleozoic and modern fauna

29
Q

what is the cambrian fauna dominated by

A

trilobites which roam around the bottom of the ocean floor

30
Q

what is a linguliformea

A

a brachiopod group which can hold onto the seafloor

31
Q

when did the palaeozoic fauna take off

A

in the ordovician

32
Q

when is the herefordshire lagestatte established

A

the silurian

33
Q

what happened in the late devonian

A

a diversity crash, most surviving fauna were smaller

34
Q

when were crinoids diverse

A

carboniferous

35
Q

what are the key palaeozoic groupds

A

brachipods, crinoids and ammonites

36
Q

what are eurypterids

A

largest marine invertebrate predators

37
Q

what is a major groupd of brachiopods

A

Rhynchonelliformea

38
Q

what happened to brachiopods after P-Tr ext

A

survived the extinction, but diversity signficantly reduced

39
Q

what groups of coral went extinct after P-Tr

A

tabulata and rugosa (scleractinia survived - modern corals)

40
Q

what have a huge fossil record

A

bivalves

41
Q

what bivalves were abundant in cretaceous

A

rudists (huppuritid)

42
Q

how many gastropods are known

A

> 32,000 with a 1/3 being neograstropods (eat others)

43
Q

when did gastropods go through radiation

A

after the cretaceous to palaeogene (K-Pg)

44
Q

what happened to echinoids

A

barely survived the P-Tr ext but still exist

45
Q

when were arthodires common

A

devonian

46
Q

when did rayed fish become common and a radiation

A

carboniferous and radiation in the cenozoic

47
Q

what do tetrapods keep doing

A

going back into the ocean (reptiles, amphibians etc)

48
Q

what happened at the permo triassic boundary

A

diverisity crash

49
Q

why is bad to subsample (rarefy) diveristy data to single fix quota

A

results are compressed and dont vary enough

50
Q

using …, is a bad idea for calculating extinction rates which are biases by edge effects

A

age ranges

51
Q

what are the big 3 mass ext

A

P-Tr, T-Jr, K-Pg

permo-triassic, triassic-jurassic, and cretaceous-palaeogene

52
Q

what group barely survived the P-Tr extinction

A

sea urchins (echinoids

53
Q

the current mass extinction is facing what

A

over predation

54
Q

what groups evolved from bilaterians

A

snails, ammonites, sea urchins

55
Q

what group didnt evolve from bilaterian

A

corals and jellyfishes (cnidaria)

56
Q

what do brachipods look like

A

clams

57
Q

what is the multrivariate anaylsis by sepkovski

A

placing major groups like trilobites and clams into 3 large categories bases on diveristy patterns being similar

58
Q

what marine predators existed only in the mesozoic

A

plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs and mosasaurs

59
Q

what happened in the cenozoic after the K-Pg ext

A

multiple invasions of marine realm by birds and mammals
continued radiaion of gastropods
massive radiation of ray finned fishes

60
Q

why are the permian basin fossils so unusual and important

A

silicied and fully 3d

61
Q

what is a count when we compare fossil samples

A

species present in both samples

62
Q

what are the big 5 ext in order of diveristy loss (highest to lowest)

A

P-Tr 83.5%
T-J 61.3%
Ordovician 54.9%
Late devonian 49.9%
K-Pg 49%

63
Q

what animal groupds experienced heavy losses in the K-Pg ext

A

mammals, vertebrates, fishes, marine invertebrates, plants and forams

64
Q

what animal groups were completely wiped out by K-Pg (asteroid)

A

non avian dinosaurs
pterosaurs
mosasaurs
plesiosaurs
ammonites
rudists
inocermids

2150 mass extinc (5 decks)

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