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2150 mass extinc > week 5 - fossils > Flashcards

week 5 - fossils Flashcards

1
Q

what are fossils

A

found in sediments, biomarkers (chemical evidence)

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2
Q

what are examples of groups of fossils

A

calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, silica, chitin and cellulose

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3
Q

how can fossils be altered

A

carbonisation, permineralisation, replacement and formation of moulds

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4
Q

what are trace fossils

A

they record the movement of organisms in sediments.

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5
Q

what advantages do trace fossils have

A

abundant, occur in rock with no body fossils, no transportation, direct evidence of behaviour and most frequent evidence of soft bodied organisms

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6
Q

disadvantages of trace fossils

A

organism can make many different traces, multiple organism make same trace

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7
Q

what are the 6 key marine ichnofacies

A

trypanites
glossifungites
skolithos
cruziana
zoophycos
nereites

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8
Q

what are trypanites

A

lithfield sediments or hard organic substrates, boring into hard sediments

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9
Q

what environment are glossifungites found

A

intertidal and shallow subtidal firm sediments

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10
Q

where are skolithos found

A

high energy shallow marine sands

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11
Q

where are cruziana found

A

mid to outer shelf sorted silts and sands

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12
Q

where are zoophycos found

A

shallow shelf to abyssal muds and muddy sands

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13
Q

where are nereites found

A

bathyal to abyssal muds and turbidites

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14
Q

animals with robust hard parts have what

A

better preservation

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15
Q

between the archaen and proterozoic earth was covered by what

A

microbial mats, like stromatolites made by cyanobacteria

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16
Q

in the ediacaran what was evident

A

ediacaran organisms that displayed lots of trace fossils

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17
Q

why is the cambrian difficult to age

A

due to large amount of unconformities

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18
Q

what is the cambrian (541 to 485)

A

origin and adaptive of all animal phyla with high background turnover rates. trilobites are most common fossils

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19
Q

what is the ordovician (485 to 443)

A

adaptive radiation continues, trilobites edged out by brachiopods and ends with modest mass extinction. jawless fishes and insect origination

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20
Q

what is the silurian (443 to 419)

A

plans and arthopods invade land, jawed fish evolution and GHG world

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21
Q

what is the devonian (419 to 359)

A

appearance of insects, plans evolve woody stems and leaves and late devonian glaciation and diveristy crash

22
Q

what is the carboniferous (359 to 299)

A

age of coal, radiations of tetrapods and insects and crinoids dominant in oceans

23
Q

what is the permian (299 to 252)

A

recovery from ice ages, pangaea fully formed, ends with largest mass ext.

reptiles dominate, seed ferns and trilobites go extinct

24
Q

what is the triassic (252 to 201)

A

slow but large recovery for P-Tr events, appearance of turtles, dinosaurs and mammals - ends with another mass ext

25
Q

what is the jurassic (201 to 145)

A

mid jurassic radiation, dinos dominant, appearance of modern mammals and birds

26
Q

what is cretaceous (145 to 66)

A

radiations of angiosperms, snails and sharks. earliest deinfinte placentald and marsupials.
ends K-Pg dino ext

27
Q

what is the palaeogene (66 to 23)

A

starts with adaptive radiation of mammals, major continents isolated and includes P-E thermal maximum

28
Q

what is the neogene (23 to 2.6)

A

no large radiations, dying and cooling trends and first appearance of hominids

29
Q

what is the quaternary (2.6 to now)

A

pleistocene and holocene, ice ages, appearance of Homo and includes megafaunal mass ext

30
Q

when did the geological time scale get established

A

early 19th century
pleistocene fossils known in the 1700s

31
Q

who named the carboniferous

A

conybeare and phillips in 1822 and started in england

32
Q

who named the cretaceous

A

jean d omalius d halloy in 1822

33
Q

what is a first appearance event

A

marks speciation or immigration

34
Q

what is last appearance event

A

an extinction or extirpation

35
Q

what is the goal of biochronology

A

is the order of events

36
Q

what is a concurrent range zone

A

number of species existing at the same time

37
Q

Why is the sepkoski graph useful

A

Fossil record is summarise

38
Q

What is a disadvantage of trace fossils

A

Same traces appear over long periods of time

39
Q

What does the live vs dead study suggest

A

Live and dead animal abundances are well correlated
Only a few species are common

40
Q

What characterises a lagestatte

A

Soft part preservation
More articiulatiom and less bio erosion
Hard parts are in one piece

41
Q

when did pangaea roughly form

A

permian

42
Q

where we the mesozoic periods defined using rocks

A

continental europe because there was lots of outcrops available

43
Q

when did the phanerozoic start

A

541 MA

44
Q

what was unsual about the start of the phanerozoic

A

bilaterian animal life

45
Q

why are barnacles a good group for correlation

A

easily recognised

46
Q

what cant be computed from age ranges

A

fossil collection counts

47
Q

what can be computed from age ranges

A

extinction counts, diveristy counts and speciation counts

48
Q

what are microbial mats

A

layered sheets of microbial colonies from bacteria such as stromatolites produced by cyanobacteria

49
Q

camels often…

A

camels often sit down carefully, possibly their joints crack

cambrian, ordovician, siliriuan, devonian, carboniferous, permian, triassic, jurassic, cretaceous,

palaeogene, neogene and quaternary

50
Q

what are the other zones that are problematic in an event sequence

A

assemblage zones (vague CRZ)
abundance zone (random choice)
lineage zones (anagenetic relationships, interbreeding
interval zones (matching FAE or LAE in pairs)

2150 mass extinc (5 decks)

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