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ANTH 203 > week 7 > Flashcards

week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

gender: deficit, difference & dominance models to explain gender differences in interaction

A
  1. deficit: a lack to be fixed (one group does things wrong)
  2. difference: two cultures model
  3. dominance: power underlies difference (being assertive is unfeminine, helps keep women subordinate)
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2
Q

metalinguistic talk, metalanguage

A
  • talk about talk: talk about the structures and dynamics of the conversation
  • design features of reflexivity
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3
Q

discourse analysis (diff scales and meanings of discourse)

A
  • discourse: can mean language longer than a sentence; can mean involving more than one person (more simple)
  • more than the scale - beyond the sentence, pockets of meaning to contextualize the communication
  • particular place, particular time exchanging ideas
  • analysis of: conversations, how information is presented in the media, narratives in interviews, prevalent themes in the language of a group of people (how things are talked about and understood)
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4
Q

conversation analysis vs discourse analysis

A
  • CA: fine-grained analysis of structure and dynamics of a conversation
  • DA: includes CA but is broader, can include analysis of texts and overarching themes
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5
Q

Michel Foucault’s concept of discourse as a way of thinking, a way of ordering ideas

A
  • the big d discourse
  • not just discourse as in discussion but means a whole way of thinking and ordering ideas
  • discourse of gender, discourse of freedom in America
  • abstract concept
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6
Q

conditions leading to the emergence of nations and national languages

A
  • industrial revolution (factories, urbanization, greater mobility)
  • enlightenment (reason over tradition)
  • democratization (all people equal citizens and have a voice in rule)
  • spread of modern education, literacy, bureaucracies
  • print capitalism (efficiency and profit lead to consolidation of language over larger territories)
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7
Q

language and identity before the age of nationalism (religious communities with sacred languages, dynastic realms with often more cultural/linguistic distance between peasantry & nobles than between nobles of different realms)

A
  • 1st: identifying with a religious community: associated with a sacred language that was seen as immutable, embodying ultimate truth (most people not literate)

-2nd: dynastic realm: legitimacy of rule derived from divinity, populations were subjects, not citizens, states defined by centers, borders porous and indistinct

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8
Q

Dialect continuum

A
  • in dynastic realm, language = differences between nobles and peasants, dialect continuum across states
  • small diff village to village
  • greater differences at greater distances and across geographic barriers
  • a spectrum with no clear breaks
  • still visible today
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9
Q

Language ideology

A
  • ideology: most important factor of language; belief that the language is an entity, this usually goes along with a name/label
  • mediating link between linguistic differences and social differences
  • nationalism: 300 yrs old, defines sociopolitical world today
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10
Q

Print capitalism (& its role in the emergence of standard languages & nationalism)

A
  • technology requires standardization
  • unifies fields of communication (both inclusive and exclusive)
  • creates borders
  • creates language of power
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11
Q

Imagined communities

A
  • feeling of solidarity with people you may never meet
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12
Q

Standardization

A
  • creation of homogeneity in language
  • involves: institutions responsible for determining and enforcing standards
  • dictionaries and grammar books
  • educational system
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13
Q

Centripetal & centrifugal forces shaping language

A
  • standardization and prescription try to rein in language variation and change
  • but language lives in passing between people; each person has slightly diff experiences
  • what is cool, hip, intersting
  • centripetal: what pulls in
  • centrifugal: what flings out
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14
Q

Historical linguistics

A
  • studies languages, their relationships, and how they have changed based on historical documents
  • parent language forms can change in diff ways, leading to multiple new offspring languages
  • contact between speakers of languages existing at same time can also influence change
  • historical linguists reconstruct porto-languages by working backward from historical evidence
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15
Q

protolanguages

A
  • hypothesized forms (not in recorded historical evidence) marked with asterisk
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16
Q

Language families, genetic relationship between languages

A
  • a group of languages descended from a common ancestor language
  • languages in the same family have shared characteristics that are due to older forms changing through time
  • languages in same family said to have genetic relationship - not necessarily related
17
Q

What language trees show

A
  • focus on divergence from ancestor language (not borrowing)
  • languages in same family are said to have a genetic relationship
18
Q

patterns in communication identified by researchers that correlate with gendering

A

hierarchy vs. network
competition vs. cooperation
independence vs. connection
report vs. rapport

19
Q

Indo-European language family (largest language family has 45% of the world’s native speakers, includes most European languages and many languages of the Middle East and India, such as English, Spanish, Ukrainian, Persian, Hindi, Urdu)

A
  • proto-indo-european is hypothetical language that would have been the parent language for all these languages
  • after proto-indo there are hypothesized forms descended - protobalter, protoslavic, protoceltic, protoiranian, protogermanic
20
Q

hierarchy vs network
competition vs. cooperation

A

men:
- individual in hierarchical social order
- hierarchies of power and accomplishment
- either one up or one down
- conversation = negotiation for status
- interaction is a competition, struggle

women:
- individual in network of connections
- hierarchies of friendship
- either included or excluded
- conversation = negotiation for closeness
- reach consensus, seek and give support

21
Q

independence vs. connection

A

men:
- preserve independence
- status pursued through opposition
- make independent decision
- be protective, helpful, prove own skill
- uniqueness of experience
- seek solutions to complaints

women:
- preserve intimacy, avoid isolation
- status pursued through connection
- consult with others
- be supportive, make men feel worthy and skilled
- shared experience, empathy
- seek empathy and understanding for complaints

22
Q

report vs. rapport

A

men:
- talk to report information
- keep fleeting thoughts and opinions to themselves
- like to lecture others on their knowledge, listening may be subordinate position
- more comfortable being experts
- need to win and be helpful
women:
- talk to create rapport
- express fleeting thoughts and opinions, since sharing these is bonding
- learn to be good listeners and make others feel knowledgeable
- diminish achievements
- need to be liked and respected

23
Q

agency

A
  • the capability to act
  • responsibility for an action ascribed in linguistic structures
  • “I did it” vs. “it was done” passive voice obscures the agent
  • analysis of agency is key in examining power in discourse
24
Q

conversation analysis and power

A
  • what features of the conversation shape the relative power of the interlocutors

what is the impact of:
- holding the floor
- repetition
- topic control and abrupt shift
- metalinguistic commentary

25
Q

dynastic realm vs. nationalism

A

dynastic:
- all members not equal, hierarchy - divine at apex
- fuzzy borders

nationalism:
- all members are citizens to an equal degree
- clear border

26
Q

language in national ideology

A
  • 1 nation = 1 language ideal
  • language is the soul of the nation
  • the naturalness of naming: French people speak French
27
Q

nation

A
  • imagined political community
  • imagined because even in smallest nation, most of its members will never know, meet, or hear of their fellow members yet in the minds of each lives the image of their communion
  • deep horizontal comradeship
  • reinforced by a national language
28
Q

prescription

A
  • defining certain usages as correct and advisable, others as not
  • ex: ain’t should not be used
29
Q

idiolect

A
  • individual language variety
  • even your idiolect is not all your own: meanings of words exist in circulation between people, across history: words contain a history of usage by other people, that is part of their meaning
30
Q

heteroglossia

A
  • means many diff languages
  • many voices and meanings from prior usages resonate in a word or any symbol
  • words carry social tension, not just content
31
Q

language contact and mixing

A
  • there has always been contact
  • contact languages between people who speak very diff languages leads to pidgins and creoles

ANTH 203 (11 decks)

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