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ANTH 203 > week 4 > Flashcards

week 4 Flashcards

1
Q

pidgins

A

adults in contact with no common language will develop a simplified way to communicate

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2
Q

nicaraguan sign language

A

each new generation of children who joined deaf boarding schools elaborated on sign language system (richer w new words and new grammatical constructions) - evidence that children lacking a full-fledged language are innately inclined to develop language in a community

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3
Q

creoles

A

children have instinct to develop language, will develop full grammar, turning a pidgin language into a creole

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4
Q

phonetics

A

physical reality of sound
- articulatory phonetics (how sounds are produced)
- acoustic phonetics (properties of sound)

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5
Q

phonology (phonemics)

A

the psychological reality of sound (whether sound differences are meaningful in a given language)

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6
Q

articulators

A
  • change shape of vocal cavity
  • air pushed past taut vocal folds (chords) makes them vibrate
  • changing shape of your vocal cavity modulates sound
  • diff shape = diff wavelengths resonate
  • vocal tract: tube with lots of kinks and bends, can produce complex combinations of resonating frequencies
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7
Q

IPA

A

International Phonetic Alphabet; international system of symbols to represent speech sounds

universal etic description of speech sounds

categorizes vowels based on roundedness of lips and place of articulation

categorizes consonants based on manner and place of articulation, and voicing - air flow stopped/impeded

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8
Q

p

A

bilabial + plosive
pig

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9
Q

b

A

bilabial + plosive
bag

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10
Q

t

A

alveolar + plosive
tag

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11
Q

d

A

alveolar + plosive
dig

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12
Q

k

A

velar + plosive
cut

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13
Q

g

A

velar + plosive
gut

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14
Q

Ɂ

A

glottal + plosive
button; uh-oh

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15
Q

m

A

bilabial + nasal
mat

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16
Q

n

A

alveolar + nasal
no

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17
Q

ŋ

A

velar + nasal
sing

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18
Q

f

A

labiodental + fricative

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19
Q

v

A

labiodental + fricative
vat

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20
Q

θ

A

dental + fricative
thin

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21
Q

ð

A

dental + fricative
then

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22
Q

s

A

alveolar + fricative
sit

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23
Q

z

A

alveolar + fricative
zap, dogs

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24
Q

ʃ

A

postalveolar + fricative
she, motion

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25
Q

ʒ

A

postalveolar + fricative
pleasure, garage

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26
Q

h

A

glottal + fricative
help

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27
Q

r

A

alveolar + trill

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28
Q

ɾ

A

alveolar + tap/flap
butter

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29
Q

ɹ

A

alveolar + approximant
red

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30
Q

l

A

alveolar + lateral approximant
lid

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31
Q

j

A

palatal + approximant
yard

32
Q

w

A

with

33
Q

ts

A

t+s = sound made by ‘z’ in pizza, tsunami

34
Q

dz

A

consonant in ‘adze’ or adds
adze, adds

35
Q

tʃ

A

t+sh = ‘ch’ as in cheer
chin

36
Q

dʒ

A

jo in joy
ge in cabbage
joy, George

37
Q

i

A

front close; non rounded

ex: beet, feel, ski

38
Q

ɪ

A

front close; rounded

ex: bit, fill

39
Q

e

A

front close-mid; non rounded

ex: bait, Mary

40
Q

ɛ

A

front open-mid; non rounded

ex: bet, merry, pet

41
Q

æ

A

front open/open mid; non rounded

ex: bat, marry, cat

42
Q

a

A

open/front non-rounded

father

43
Q

ə

A

central/close-open-mid

ex: above, ago, taken, pencil

44
Q

ʌ

A

back open-mid
less rounded ɔ

ex: butt, cut

45
Q

u

A

back close; rounded

ex: boot, tutu, food, lewd

46
Q

o

A

back close-mid; rounded

ex: knoll

47
Q

ʊ

A

back-close; rounded

ex: book

48
Q

ɔ

A

back open-mid
rounded ʌ

ex: bawdy, haughty, caught, bought

49
Q

backwards ɑ

A

back, rounded, low

ex: body, hottie, cot

50
Q

how vowels are distinguished

A

height, frontedness, roundedness, length

50
Q

backwards D

A

back, low

ex: cart

51
Q

frontedness

A

front vs. back of tongue

52
Q

roundedness

A

of lips; rounded vs. unrounded

53
Q

length

A

long or short

54
Q

diphthongs

A

vowel glides; tongue position moves during production of a diphthong vowel

boy, say, or, fine, ice, so ,sew, cow

55
Q

monophthongs

A

vowels where tongue position does not move

”:” indicates longer duration of vowel

56
Q

monophthongization

A

pronunciation of a diphthong as a monophthong: fine, ice closer to fan ass

57
Q

stop/plosive

A

complete closure of vocal tract followed by short burst of noise

58
Q

nasal

A

production involves lowered velum and closure in oral cavity so air flows out of nose

59
Q

trill

A

consonantal sound produced by vibrations between active and passive articulator

series of flaps of tongue, lips, or uvula against part of mouth

rolling r’s

60
Q

tap

A
61
Q

fricative

A

noise at certain broad span of frequencies (no complete closure)

62
Q

approximant

A
63
Q

bilabial

A
64
Q

labiodental

A
65
Q

dental/alveolar/postalveolar

A
66
Q

palatal

A
67
Q

velar

A
68
Q

uvular

A
69
Q

glottal

A
70
Q

voiced and unvoiced consonants

A
71
Q

affricative (combined stop and fricative)

A

affricates: combinations of a stop followed by a fricative

72
Q

etic

A

outsider’s view, requires no insider knowledge of language (can be objectively measured)

73
Q

emic

A

based on insider’s knowledge (of meaningful distinctions)

74
Q

spectrograms

A

picturing sound; portrayal of how in speech the energy at given frequencies changes over time

differences of vowels = concentration of energy at diff frequencies called ‘formants’

darkness of plot = sound energy

dark bands = vowel formants

ANTH 203 (11 decks)

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