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Pediatrics Final > Week 7 > Flashcards

Week 7 Flashcards

1
Q

Growth

A

increase in physical size

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2
Q

development

A

Sequential process by which infants and children gain various skills and functions

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3
Q

Maturation

A

Increase in functionality of various body systems or developmental skills

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4
Q

Assessing growth and development of a premature infant

A

Use infant’s adjusted age to determine expected outcomes
Subtract number of weeks infant was premature from infant’s chronologic age
Plot growth parameters and assess developmental milestones based on adjusted age

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5
Q

ways to assess achievement of milestones

A

Ask parent if skill is present and, if so, when attained
Infant may demonstrate skill during interview

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6
Q

Screening Tools for developmental delay

A

rourke baby record
denver II developmental
ages and stages questionnaire
Looksee (Nipissing region)

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7
Q

growth of toddler

A

Height and weight increase in spurts
Height increases 10-12 cm (4-5 in) per year
Generally reaching half of adult height by age 2
Weight increases 1.36-2.27 kg (3-5 lb) per year
Fontanels close by 18 months
Head size more proportional to body by age 3

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8
Q

growth of preschooler

A

Average growth of 6.5 to 7.8 cm (2.5 to 3 in) per year
Average weight gain of 2.3 kg (4 to 5 lb) per year
Loss of baby fat and growth of muscle
Length of skull increases slightly; lower jaw more pronounced; upper jaw widens

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9
Q

growth of school aged child

A

Grow an average of 5 to 7 cm (2.5 in) per year
Total increase in height of 30 to 60 cm (1 to 2 ft)
Increase in weight of 3 to 3.5 kg (4 to 6 lb) per year
Secondary sexual characteristics begin to appear

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10
Q

growth of adolescents

A

Rapid growth with dramatic changes in body size and proportions, second only to growth in infancy
Sexual characteristics and reproductive maturity occur

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11
Q

onset of puberty (ages)

A

Girls: 9 to 10 years old
Boys: 10 to 11 years old

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12
Q

what is puberty

A

Triggered by secretion of hormones
Girls: estrogen
Boys: testosterone
phys development, hormonal changes, sexual maturation

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13
Q

peak height velocity

A

Girls: 12 years of age
Boys: 14 years of age

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14
Q

infant neurological system

A

Newborn states of consciousness
Newborn primitive reflexes

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15
Q

toddler neurological system

A

Brain and spinal cord reach full size by age 2

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16
Q

preschoolder neurological system

A

Spinal cord myelination: bowel, bladder control

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17
Q

school aged child neuro system

A

Brain and skull grow very slowly
Shape of head is longer
Growth of facial bones changes facial proportions

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18
Q

Adolescents neuro system

A

Growth of myelin sheath enables faster neural processing

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19
Q

infant resp system

A

Narrower nasal passages
More compliant trachea and chest wall
Shorter and narrower bronchi and bronchioles
More funnel-shaped larynx
Larger tongue
Significantly fewer alveoli

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20
Q

toddler resp system

A

Alveoli increase in number until age 7
Trachea and airways continue to grow but are still small compared with those of an adult

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21
Q

preschooler resp system

A

Respiratory structures continue to grow in size; number of alveoli increase
Eustachian tubes remain short and straight

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22
Q

school aged child resp system

A

Continues to mature with development of lungs and alveoli
Respiratory rates decrease
Respirations diaphragmatic in nature

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23
Q

adolescent resp system

A

Increase in diameter and length of the lungs; respiratory volume and vital capacity increase

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24
Q

infant cardio system

A

Heart: doubles in size
Average pulse rate: decreases from range of 120 to 140 in newborn to about 100 in 12-month-old
Blood pressure: steadily increases from 60/40 in newborn to 100/50 in 12-month-old
Peripheral capillaries: closer to skin surface in newborn and young infant, increasing heat loss
Thermoregulation: becomes more effective

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25
Q

toddler cardio system

A

Heart rate decreases
Blood pressure increases

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26
Q

preschoolder cardio system

A

Heart rate decreases; blood pressure increases slightly; innocent heart murmur may be heard

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27
Q

school aged child cardio system

A

Blood pressure increases
Pulse rate decreases

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28
Q

adolescents cardio system

A

Size and strength of heart increases
Systolic blood pressure increases
Heart rate decreases

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29
Q

infant GI system

A

Eruption of teeth
Increase in capacity of stomach and intestines
Increased production of digestive enzymes
Liver begins to conjugate bilirubin and secrete bile
Consistency and frequency of stools change

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30
Q

Toddler GI system

A

Stomach increases in size
Small intestine grows in length
Stool passage decreases in frequency to 1-2 a day

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31
Q

Preschoolder GI system

A

20 deciduous teeth should be present
Small intestine grows in length

32
Q

school aged child GI system

A

Deciduous teeth replaced by permanent teeth
Fewer GI upsets
Stomach capacity increases
Caloric needs are lower

33
Q

adolescents GI system

A

Full set of permanent teeth
Liver, spleen, kidneys, and digestive tract enlarge

34
Q

Infant Genitourinary System

A

Greater % of body weight in extracellular fluid (35%)
Greater susceptibility to dehydration
Greater frequency of urination
Relatively lower specific gravity of urine
Immature renal structures
Reduced glomerular filtration rate, tubular secretion and reabsorption and renal perfusion

35
Q

Toddler Genitourinary system

A

Kidneys reach adult function by 24 months of age
Bladder capacity increases , allowing longer retention

36
Q

preschooler genitourinary system

A

Urethra remains short, susceptible to UTIs

37
Q

school aged child genitourinary system

A

Bladder capacity increases
Prepubescent occurs

38
Q

toddler musculo system

A

Bones increase in length; pot-bellied appearance due to weak abdominal muscles until 3 years old

39
Q

preschooler musculo system

A

Bones lengthen, muscles strengthen and mature

40
Q

school aged child musculo system

A

Greater Coordination and strength
Muscles still immature and can easily be injured
Bones continue to ossify
Mineralization not complete until maturity

41
Q

adolescents nusculo system

A

Ossification occurs earlier in girls, in late adolescents in boys
Shoulder, chest, and hip breadth increase in middle adolescence

42
Q

infants integumentary system

A

Vernix caseosa (white, greasy substance)
Covers fetus in utero, preterm newborn
Found in folds of skin, axilla, groin of term newborn
Lanugo (fine, downy hair)
Covers body of many neonates; lost over time
Milia (tiny white bumps on nose, cheeks, or chin)
Baby acne (bright red raised bumps on face, torso)
Acrocyanosis (blueness of hands and feet)
Mottling (pink-and-white marbled appearance)

43
Q

adolescents integumentary system

A

Skin becomes thick and tough;
Sebaceous glands are more active;
Sweat glands function at adult level

44
Q

infant immune system

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
Delivered through placenta to fetus from mother
Confers immunity during first 3 to 6 months of life for antigens mother was previously exposed to
Then, synthesized by infant, reaching 40% of adult levels by age 12 months
IgM
Produced abundantly after birth, reaching adult levels by 9 months of age
IgA, IgD, and IgE
Gradual increase in production until early childhood

45
Q

School aged child immune system

A

Matures to adult level around 10 years old; fewer infections experienced

46
Q

infant gross motor skills

A

Phenomenal increases in first 12 months of life
Movements using large muscles (head control, rolling, sitting walking)
Develop in a cephalocaudal (head-to-tail) fashion

47
Q

infant fine motor skills

A

Movements using small muscles of hands and fingers (grasping, self-feeding, self-dressing)
Develop in a proximodistal (centre-to-periphery) fashion

48
Q

toddler gross motor skills

A

Running, climbing, jumping, pushing or pulling a toy, throwing a ball, pedaling a tricycle

49
Q

toddler fine motor skills

A

Reaching, grasping, releasing, stacking, turning pages, removing socks and shoes, building block towers, holding utensils and crayons

50
Q

school aged children gross motor skills

A

Coordination, balance, and rhythm improve
Bicycling, jumping rope, dancing, skating, swimming

51
Q

school aged children fine motor skills

A

Refined due to myelination of central nervous system
Hand-eye coordination and balance improve
Writing, printing words, sewing, building models

52
Q

adolescents gross motor skills

A

Endurance increases
Middle adolescence: increased speed, accuracy, coordination

53
Q

adolescents fine motor skills

A

Greatly increased due to use of computers
Early adolescence: increased ability to manipulate objects; improved finger dexterity, handwriting
Middle adolescence: refining of dexterity skills
Late adolescence: precise hand-eye coordination

54
Q

Sensory Development Warning Signs

A

Young infant does not: Respond or startle to loud noises
Follow a moving object by 2 to 3 months
Focus on a near object
Start to make sounds or babble by 4 months
Turn to locate sound at age 4 months
Infant has persistent crossing or wandering of eyes at any age

55
Q

toddler sensory development

A

Use of all senses to explore the world
Vision progresses
Depth perception matures
Hearing at adult level
Sense of smell matures
Taste discrimination not completely developed

56
Q

school aged children sensory development

A

All senses are mature
Typical child has 20/20 vision acuity
Vision problems frequently identified in school-age children
Amblyopia (lazy eye: reduced vision in an eye not adequately used during early development)

57
Q

Language Development Warning Signs

A

Infant does not: Make sounds at 4 months of age
Laugh or squeal by 6 months of age
Babble by 8 months of age
Point to desired objects at 12 months of age
Use two to three single words with meaning at 12 months of age (mama, dada)

58
Q

toddler language development

A

Receptive language development
The ability to understand what is being said or asked
Typically far more advanced than expressive language development
Echolalia: repetition of words and phrases without understanding
Telegraphic speech: speech that contains only the essential words to get the point across

59
Q

preschooler language development

A

Not capable of abstract thought (e.g., death)
Acquisition of language allows expression of thoughts and creativity
Transition from telegraphic speech at age 3 years to sentences adult-like in structure at age 5 years
Increased fluency

60
Q

school aged children language development

A

Vocabulary expands
Culturally specific words are used
Reading efficiency improves language skills
More complex grammatical forms are used
Development of metalinguistic awareness occurs
Metaphors are beginning to be understood

61
Q

adolescents language development

A

Improved communication skills, using correct grammar and parts of speech
Increased vocabulary
Use of slang, making communication with people other than peers more challenging
By late adolescence, language skills comparable to those of adults

62
Q

infant social and emotional development

A

Stranger anxiety
Indicates infant recognizes self as separate from others
Separation anxiety
Infant becomes distressed when parent leaves
Temperament
Ranges from: Less or moderately active, regular, and predictable
To highly active, more intense, and less adaptable
Cultural differences

63
Q

toddler social and emotional development

A

Separation
Seeing oneself as separate from the parent
Individuation
Forming a sense of self and independence
Exerting control over one’s environment
Leads to emotional lability (temper tantrums)
Egocentrism
Focus on self

64
Q

typical behaviours of the toddler

A

May rely on a security item
Becomes aware of gender differences
May display aggressive behaviours
Becomes more self-aware, but does not have clear body boundaries
May express separation anxiety again
Expresses temperament (easygoing, difficult, slow-to-warm-up)
May show fear of loss of parents and of strangers

65
Q

social and emotional development of preschooler

A

Cooperation
Sharing (of things and feelings)
Kindness
Generosity
Affection display
Conversation
Expression of feelings

66
Q

social and emotional development of school aged child

A

temperament
self esteem
body image
peer relationships
family and cultural influences
habits, beliefs, values

67
Q

social and emotional development of adolescents

A

Relationship with parents and siblings
Changes and conflict, requiring adjustments and understanding of adolescent development
Pursuit of self-identity and independence
More time spent with peers
Self-esteem linked to body size and shape, sexual characteristics, meeting societal standards
Peers’ essential role in forming identity of adolescent

68
Q

infant nutrition

A

Infant Nutritional Requirements
Essential for growth and development
Breastfeeding and bottle - feeding of infant formula both acceptable
Cultural factors
Needs related to the tremendous growth

69
Q

breastfeeding

A

Breast milk composition
Maternal-infant bonding
Breast milk supply and demand
Breastfeeding techniques
Assess new mothers for pain on breastfeeding
Exceptions to recommended breastfeeding

70
Q

bottle feeding

A

Feeding patterns
Types of formulas and bottles
Special formulas
Proper preparation
Proper storage of formula
Care of bottles
Importance of fortification with iron

71
Q

nutritional plan for first year of life

A

Progressing to solid foods (typically after 6 months)
Assessing infant readiness
Disappearance of tongue extrusion reflex
Ability to swallow
Production of sufficient amounts of enzymes
Choosing appropriate solid foods
Iron-fortified rice cereal mixed with breast milk or formula
Introduction of one new food every 3 to 5 days
Promoting healthy eating habit

72
Q

toddler nutrition

A

Forming healthy eating habits early in life
Diet high in nutrient-rich foods
Weaning
Timing depends on cultural and ethnic beliefs, mother’s work schedule, desired child spacing
Inform mother of benefits of extended breastfeeding
Weaning of bottle-feeding by 12 to 15 months
Teaching about nutritional needs
Advancing to solid foods

73
Q

promoting self feeding in toddlers

A

Use a child -sized spoon and fork with dull tines
Seat the toddler in a high chair or at a comfortable height in a secure chair
Never leave the toddler unattended while eating
Minimize distractions during mealtime
Promoting healthy eating habits
Preventing overweight and obesity

74
Q

nutrition for school aged children

A

Calorie needs vary based on age, gender, and activity level
Boys and girls 4 to 8 years old, moderately active 1,200 to 1,400 calories/day
Boys 9 to 13 years old, moderately active 1,800 calories/day
Girls 9 to 13 years old, moderately active 1,600 calories/day
Promoting healthy eating habits and preventing overweight and obesity

75
Q

nutrition for adolescents

A

Nutritional assessments to help guide food choices at home and in restaurants
Evaluation of foods from different food groups eaten each day
Number of times fast foods, snacks, other junk food eaten per week
Calorie intake

76
Q

sleep and rest

A

Hours of sleep needed per night: 6 to 8 years old: 12 hours 8 to 10 years old: 10 hours 10 to 12 years old: 9 to 10 hours
Should have bedtime expectations and wake-up times
Night terrors and sleepwalking may occur but should resolve by age 8 to 10 years

Pediatrics Final (5 decks)

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