Week 10

Question 1

Heart Disease

Answer 1

Acquired heart disease
Disorders that occur after birth
Develops from a wide range of causes

Congenital heart disease (CHD)
Structural anomalies that are present at birth
Accounts for largest percentage of all birth defects

Question 2

Hypoxemia

Answer 2

Refers to arterial oxygen tension that is less than normal
Identified by a decreased arterial O2 saturation

Question 3

Congenital Heart Disease

Answer 3

Chromosomal defects associated with CHD

Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Velocardiofacial syndrome
Turner syndrome
Trisomy 13+18
Williams syndrome

Question 4

Patent Ducturs Ateriosus (^pul BF)

Answer 4

Failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close in first weeks of life

Question 5

Atrial Septal Defect (^pul BF)

Answer 5

Abnormal opening between the atria

Question 6

Ventricular Septal Defect (^pul BF)

Answer 6

Abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles

Question 7

Tricuspid Atresia (↓pul BF)

Answer 7

Tricuspid valve fails to develop
Blood flows through an ASD or patent foramen ovale to the left side of the heart and through a VSD to the right ventricle

Question 8

Obstructive Defects: Aortic Stenosis

Answer 8

Narrowing of the aortic valve causing resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta

Question 9

Obstructive Defects: Pulmonary Stenosis

Answer 9

Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary arteries

Question 10

Obstructive Defects: Coarctation of the aorta

Answer 10

Localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus

Question 11

Heart Failure

Answer 11

The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation

Question 12

Infective Endocarditis

Answer 12

Microbial infection of the endothelial surfaces of the heart’s chambers, septum, or valves

Question 13

Cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

Refers to abnormalities of the myocardium in which the ability of the muscle to contract is impaired

Question 14

Rheumatic Fever

Answer 14

Inflammatory disease occurs after group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis
Affects joints, skin, brain, serous surfaces, and heart
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common complication of RF
Damage to valves as result of RF

Question 15

Kawasaki Disease (aka mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)

Answer 15

fever and swelling of lymph nodes and blood vessels

Question 16

Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Newborns Nose

Answer 16

Produce little mucus, increasing risk for infections
Have small nasal passages, increasing risk for obstruction
Have undeveloped sinuses, increasing risk for sinus infection

Question 17

Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Newborns Throat

Answer 17

Increased risk for airway obstruction related to tongues being larger relative to oropharynx, tongue placement, and enlarged tonsillar and adenoid tissue
Airway lumen is smaller in infants and children than in adults and when edema, mucus, or bronchospasm is present, the capacity for air passage is greatly diminished

Question 18

Upper resp tract disorders: Bacterial tracheitis

Answer 18

Infection of mucosa of the upper trachea

Question 19

Upper resp tract disorders: Epiglottitis

Answer 19

A severe, rapidly progressing bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract resulting in an inflamed epiglottis

Question 20

Upper resp tract disorders: Laryngotracheobronchitis

Answer 20

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi caused by an acute viral infection

Question 21

lower resp disorders: Bronchiolitis (RSV)

Answer 21

A viral lower respiratory tract infection characterized by obstruction of small airways caused by acute inflammation, edema and necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the small airways as well as increased mucus production

Question 22

Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests Ordered for Bronchiolitis (RSV)

Answer 22

Pulse oximetry: oxygen saturation ↓

Chest radiograph: might reveal hyperinflation and patchy areas of atelectasis or infiltration

Blood gases: might show carbon dioxide retention and hypoxemia

Nasal-pharyngeal washings/aspirates: positive identification of RSV can be made via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing

Question 23

lower resp disorders: Pneumonia

Answer 23

Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by:
Virus
Bacterium
Mycoplasma
Fungus

Question 24

Cystic Fibrosis

Answer 24

An inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of the exocrine glands, causing those glands to produce abnormally thick secretions of mucus, elevation of sweat electrolytes, increased organic and enzymatic constituents of saliva, and overactivity of the autonomic nervous system.

Question 25

Asthma

Answer 25

A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurring symptoms, airway obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness