Week 10 Flashcards
Heart Disease
Acquired heart disease
Disorders that occur after birth
Develops from a wide range of causes
Congenital heart disease (CHD)
Structural anomalies that are present at birth
Accounts for largest percentage of all birth defects
Hypoxemia
Refers to arterial oxygen tension that is less than normal
Identified by a decreased arterial O2 saturation
Congenital Heart Disease
Chromosomal defects associated with CHD
Down syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Velocardiofacial syndrome
Turner syndrome
Trisomy 13+18
Williams syndrome
Patent Ducturs Ateriosus (^pul BF)
Failure of fetal ductus arteriosus to close in first weeks of life
Atrial Septal Defect (^pul BF)
Abnormal opening between the atria
Ventricular Septal Defect (^pul BF)
Abnormal opening between the right and left ventricles
Tricuspid Atresia (↓pul BF)
Tricuspid valve fails to develop
Blood flows through an ASD or patent foramen ovale to the left side of the heart and through a VSD to the right ventricle
Obstructive Defects: Aortic Stenosis
Narrowing of the aortic valve causing resistance to blood flow from the left ventricle into the aorta
Obstructive Defects: Pulmonary Stenosis
Narrowing at the entrance to the pulmonary arteries
Obstructive Defects: Coarctation of the aorta
Localized narrowing near the insertion of the ductus arteriosus
Heart Failure
The inability of the heart to pump an adequate amount of blood into the systemic circulation
Infective Endocarditis
Microbial infection of the endothelial surfaces of the heart’s chambers, septum, or valves
Cardiomyopathy
Refers to abnormalities of the myocardium in which the ability of the muscle to contract is impaired
Rheumatic Fever
Inflammatory disease occurs after group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis
Affects joints, skin, brain, serous surfaces, and heart
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common complication of RF
Damage to valves as result of RF
Kawasaki Disease (aka mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome)
fever and swelling of lymph nodes and blood vessels
Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Newborns Nose
Produce little mucus, increasing risk for infections
Have small nasal passages, increasing risk for obstruction
Have undeveloped sinuses, increasing risk for sinus infection
Variations in Pediatric Anatomy and Physiology Newborns Throat
Increased risk for airway obstruction related to tongues being larger relative to oropharynx, tongue placement, and enlarged tonsillar and adenoid tissue
Airway lumen is smaller in infants and children than in adults and when edema, mucus, or bronchospasm is present, the capacity for air passage is greatly diminished
Upper resp tract disorders: Bacterial tracheitis
Infection of mucosa of the upper trachea
Upper resp tract disorders: Epiglottitis
A severe, rapidly progressing bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract resulting in an inflamed epiglottis
Upper resp tract disorders: Laryngotracheobronchitis
Inflammation of the larynx, trachea and bronchi caused by an acute viral infection
lower resp disorders: Bronchiolitis (RSV)
A viral lower respiratory tract infection characterized by obstruction of small airways caused by acute inflammation, edema and necrosis of the epithelial cells lining the small airways as well as increased mucus production
Laboratory and Diagnostic Tests Ordered for Bronchiolitis (RSV)
Pulse oximetry: oxygen saturation ↓
Chest radiograph: might reveal hyperinflation and patchy areas of atelectasis or infiltration
Blood gases: might show carbon dioxide retention and hypoxemia
Nasal-pharyngeal washings/aspirates: positive identification of RSV can be made via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) testing
lower resp disorders: Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lung parenchyma caused by:
Virus
Bacterium
Mycoplasma
Fungus
Cystic Fibrosis
An inherited autosomal-recessive disorder of the exocrine glands, causing those glands to produce abnormally thick secretions of mucus, elevation of sweat electrolytes, increased organic and enzymatic constituents of saliva, and overactivity of the autonomic nervous system.
Asthma
A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by recurring symptoms, airway obstruction, and bronchial hyperresponsiveness
